Difference between revisions of "Measurements"

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"The SWBS was developed in conjunction with the social indicators movement in the 1960's and 1970's (Bufford, Paloutzian, and Ellison 1991). As part of this movement the U.S. government tried to develop measures and indicators to assess whether or not the quality of life of U.S. citizens was improving. For example, data on suicide rates, crime, alcoholism, physical and mental health, and housing conditions from around the country were collected each year. The government hypothesized that these indicators would provide some insight into the quality of life in the United States. Paloutzian and Ellison (1979) believed that is was important to develop a measure that looked at subjective aspects of people's lives. Noting that there had been little attention to the spiritual and existential aspects of people's lives, they developed the Spiritual Well- Being Scale (Campise, Ellison, and Kinsman 1979). The Scale expanded on the work of Moberg (1978), and consists of two dimensions. The first is a vertical dimension, assessing one's relationship with God. The second dimension represents a more horizontal relation- ship with others and one's sense of personal satisfaction and meaning in life (Ellison 1983)."<ref>Scott, Eric L., Albert A. Agresti, and George Fitchett. “Factor Analysis of the ‘Spiritual Well-Being Scale’ and Its Clinical Utility with Psychiatric Inpatients.” ''Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion'' 37, no. 2 (1998): 314–21. <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.2307/1387530</nowiki>. p. 314</ref>
"The SWBS was developed in conjunction with the social indicators movement in the 1960's and 1970's (Bufford, Paloutzian, and Ellison 1991). As part of this movement the U.S. government tried to develop measures and indicators to assess whether or not the quality of life of U.S. citizens was improving. For example, data on suicide rates, crime, alcoholism, physical and mental health, and housing conditions from around the country were collected each year. The government hypothesized that these indicators would provide some insight into the quality of life in the United States. Paloutzian and Ellison (1979) believed that is was important to develop a measure that looked at subjective aspects of people's lives. Noting that there had been little attention to the spiritual and existential aspects of people's lives, they developed the Spiritual Well- Being Scale (Campise, Ellison, and Kinsman 1979). The Scale expanded on the work of Moberg (1978), and consists of two dimensions. The first is a vertical dimension, assessing one's relationship with God. The second dimension represents a more horizontal relation- ship with others and one's sense of personal satisfaction and meaning in life (Ellison 1983)."<ref>Scott, Eric L., Albert A. Agresti, and George Fitchett. “Factor Analysis of the ‘Spiritual Well-Being Scale’ and Its Clinical Utility with Psychiatric Inpatients.” ''Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion'' 37, no. 2 (1998): 314–21. <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.2307/1387530</nowiki>. p. 314</ref>


Note scale criticised for being biased in favour of "expression of faith consistent with evangelical Christian traditions."<ref>Scott, Eric L., Albert A. Agresti, and George Fitchett. “Factor Analysis of the ‘Spiritual Well-Being Scale’ and Its Clinical Utility with Psychiatric Inpatients.” ''Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion'' 37, no. 2 (1998): 314–21. <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.2307/1387530</nowiki>. p. 315.</ref>
Note scale criticised for being biased in favour of "expression of faith consistent with evangelical Christian traditions."<ref>Scott, Eric L., Albert A. Agresti, and George Fitchett. “Factor Analysis of the ‘Spiritual Well-Being Scale’ and Its Clinical Utility with Psychiatric Inpatients.” ''Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion'' 37, no. 2 (1998): 314–21. <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.2307/1387530</nowiki>. p. 315.</ref> Hatch et. al <ref>Hatch, Robert L., Mary Ann Burg, Debra S. Naberhaus, and Linda K. Hellmich. “The Spiritual Involvement and Beliefs Scale.” ''Journal of Family Practice'' 46, no. 6 (1998): 476–86.</ref> point to several additional limitations


"The SWB is a 20-item, self-administered scale with two dimensions: religion and existential....the SWB Scale remains the most widely used instrument to assess spirituality as well as the one most frequently referred to and applied in studies examining spirituality," although there are methodological problems, like its Judeo-Christian bias. <ref>Delaney, C. “The Spirituality Scale: Development and Psychometric Testing of a Holistic Instrument to Assess the Human Spiritual Dimension.” ''Journal of Holistic Nursing''. United States: SAGE PUBLICATIONS LTD, January 1, 2005. British Library Document Supply Centre Inside Serials & Conference Proceedings. p. 147-148.</ref> For the scale.<ref>Paloutzian, R.F., and C.W. Ellison. “Loneliness, Spiritual Well-Being, and Quality of Life.” In Loneliness: A Sourcebook for Practice, edited by L.A. Peplau and D. Pearlman, 358–64. New York: Wiley, 1982.</ref>
"The SWB is a 20-item, self-administered scale with two dimensions: religion and existential....the SWB Scale remains the most widely used instrument to assess spirituality as well as the one most frequently referred to and applied in studies examining spirituality," although there are methodological problems, like its Judeo-Christian bias. <ref>Delaney, C. “The Spirituality Scale: Development and Psychometric Testing of a Holistic Instrument to Assess the Human Spiritual Dimension.” ''Journal of Holistic Nursing''. United States: SAGE PUBLICATIONS LTD, January 1, 2005. British Library Document Supply Centre Inside Serials & Conference Proceedings. p. 147-148.</ref> For the scale.<ref>Paloutzian, R.F., and C.W. Ellison. “Loneliness, Spiritual Well-Being, and Quality of Life.” In Loneliness: A Sourcebook for Practice, edited by L.A. Peplau and D. Pearlman, 358–64. New York: Wiley, 1982.</ref>

Revision as of 21:55, 8 February 2023

"Spielberger's State‐Trait Anxiety Inventory‐Global (STAI‐G) score" [1]

Notes

When validating surveys, "there should be at least 5 times as man participants as items or at least 200 respondents." Scales that are missing response items should not be included fr validation. [2]

Measurements of Spirituality

Kwonmok et al. provide a list of instruments devoted to measuring Connection Outcomes.[3]

The Spirituality Scale (SS)

Twenty-three items

"The Spirituality Scale (SS) (Delaney, 2003) is a holistic assessment instrument that focuses on the beliefs, intuitions, lifestyle choices, practices, and rituals that represent the human spiritual dimension. The SS is designed to assess the essence of spirituality in a format that can be used to guide spiritual interventions." [4] Authors originally theorized four dimensions to spirituality, "spirituality and religion" (relationship with God or a higher power), "spirituality and meaning and purpose," "spirituality and relationships," and "spirituality and ecology." Subsequent validation reduced to three factors, religions and existential purpose, spirituality and relationships, and spirituality and ecology[5]

SS Scale Items and Factors


The Spiritual Well Being Scale (SWBS)

"The SWBS was developed in conjunction with the social indicators movement in the 1960's and 1970's (Bufford, Paloutzian, and Ellison 1991). As part of this movement the U.S. government tried to develop measures and indicators to assess whether or not the quality of life of U.S. citizens was improving. For example, data on suicide rates, crime, alcoholism, physical and mental health, and housing conditions from around the country were collected each year. The government hypothesized that these indicators would provide some insight into the quality of life in the United States. Paloutzian and Ellison (1979) believed that is was important to develop a measure that looked at subjective aspects of people's lives. Noting that there had been little attention to the spiritual and existential aspects of people's lives, they developed the Spiritual Well- Being Scale (Campise, Ellison, and Kinsman 1979). The Scale expanded on the work of Moberg (1978), and consists of two dimensions. The first is a vertical dimension, assessing one's relationship with God. The second dimension represents a more horizontal relation- ship with others and one's sense of personal satisfaction and meaning in life (Ellison 1983)."[6]

Note scale criticised for being biased in favour of "expression of faith consistent with evangelical Christian traditions."[7] Hatch et. al [8] point to several additional limitations

"The SWB is a 20-item, self-administered scale with two dimensions: religion and existential....the SWB Scale remains the most widely used instrument to assess spirituality as well as the one most frequently referred to and applied in studies examining spirituality," although there are methodological problems, like its Judeo-Christian bias. [9] For the scale.[10]

Focusses on a "search form meaning and purpose", with references to Frankl.

Spiritual Well Being Scale.png

Spiritual Involvement and Beliefs (SIBS) Scale

Focus on "religions and existential aspects" [11]

Spiritual Assessment Scale

Assesses the "relational aspect of spirituality." "The Spiritual Assessment Scale (SAS) (Howden, 1992) is an instru- ment that represents the relational aspect of spirituality. The SAS is a 28-item instrument based on a conceptualization of spirituality as a phenomenon with four critical attributes: purpose and meaning in life, inner resources, unifying interconnectedness, and transcendence. "[12]

[13]

Index of Core Spiritual Experiences

[14]

The Intrinsic Spirituality Scale

The Intrinsic Spirituality Scale - six items.[15]

The Spiritual Perspective Scale (SPS)

Developed by Reed [16]

SPS [17]

"...an instrument that represents the existential aspect of spirituality. The SPS is a 10- item instrument with a 6-point Likert-type scale that can also be used as a semistructured interview."[18]

Footnotes

  1. ↑ “LSD Reduces Anxiety Symptoms in Phase 2 Trial.,” Brown University Psychopharmacology Update 34, no. 1 (January 2023): 2, https://doi.org/10.1002/pu.30965.
  2. ↑ Delaney, C. “The Spirituality Scale: Development and Psychometric Testing of a Holistic Instrument to Assess the Human Spiritual Dimension.” Journal of Holistic Nursing. United States: Sage Publications, January 1, 2005. British Library Document Supply Centre Inside Serials & Conference Proceedings. p. 154.
  3. ↑ Kwonmok, Ko, Knight Gemma, James J Rucker, and Anthony J Cleare. “Psychedelics, Mystical Experience, and Therapeutic Efficacy: A Systematic Review.” Frontiers in Psychiatry 13 (July 1, 2022). https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2022.917199.
  4. ↑ Delaney, C. “The Spirituality Scale: Development and Psychometric Testing of a Holistic Instrument to Assess the Human Spiritual Dimension.” Journal of Holistic Nursing. United States: Sage Publications, January 1, 2005. British Library Document Supply Centre Inside Serials & Conference Proceedings
  5. ↑ Delaney, C. “The Spirituality Scale: Development and Psychometric Testing of a Holistic Instrument to Assess the Human Spiritual Dimension.” Journal of Holistic Nursing. United States: Sage Publications, January 1, 2005. British Library Document Supply Centre Inside Serials & Conference Proceedings.p. 149.
  6. ↑ Scott, Eric L., Albert A. Agresti, and George Fitchett. “Factor Analysis of the ‘Spiritual Well-Being Scale’ and Its Clinical Utility with Psychiatric Inpatients.” Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion 37, no. 2 (1998): 314–21. https://doi.org/10.2307/1387530. p. 314
  7. ↑ Scott, Eric L., Albert A. Agresti, and George Fitchett. “Factor Analysis of the ‘Spiritual Well-Being Scale’ and Its Clinical Utility with Psychiatric Inpatients.” Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion 37, no. 2 (1998): 314–21. https://doi.org/10.2307/1387530. p. 315.
  8. ↑ Hatch, Robert L., Mary Ann Burg, Debra S. Naberhaus, and Linda K. Hellmich. “The Spiritual Involvement and Beliefs Scale.” Journal of Family Practice 46, no. 6 (1998): 476–86.
  9. ↑ Delaney, C. “The Spirituality Scale: Development and Psychometric Testing of a Holistic Instrument to Assess the Human Spiritual Dimension.” Journal of Holistic Nursing. United States: SAGE PUBLICATIONS LTD, January 1, 2005. British Library Document Supply Centre Inside Serials & Conference Proceedings. p. 147-148.
  10. ↑ Paloutzian, R.F., and C.W. Ellison. “Loneliness, Spiritual Well-Being, and Quality of Life.” In Loneliness: A Sourcebook for Practice, edited by L.A. Peplau and D. Pearlman, 358–64. New York: Wiley, 1982.
  11. ↑ Delaney, C. “The Spirituality Scale: Development and Psychometric Testing of a Holistic Instrument to Assess the Human Spiritual Dimension.” Journal of Holistic Nursing. United States: Sage Publications, January 1, 2005. British Library Document Supply Centre Inside Serials & Conference Proceedings.p. 149.
  12. ↑ Delaney, C. “The Spirituality Scale: Development and Psychometric Testing of a Holistic Instrument to Assess the Human Spiritual Dimension.” Journal of Holistic Nursing. United States: Sage Publications, January 1, 2005. British Library Document Supply Centre Inside Serials & Conference Proceeding. p. 150.s
  13. ↑ O’Brien, M. “The Need for Spiritual Integrity.” In Human Needs and the Nursing Process, edited by H Yura and M Walsh, 23–27. Norwalk, CT: Appleton & Lange, 1982.
  14. ↑ Kass, Jared D., Richard Friedman, Jane Leserman, Patricia C. Zuttermeister, and Herbert Benson. “Health Outcomes and a New Index of Spiritual Experience.” Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion 30, no. 2 (June 1, 1991): 203–11. https://doi.org/10.2307/1387214.
  15. ↑ Hodge, David R. “The Intrinsic Spirituality Scale: A New Six-Item Instrument for Assessing the Salience of Spirituality as a Motivational Construct.” Journal of Social Service Research 30, no. 1 (January 1, 2003): 41–6
  16. ↑ Reed, Pamela G. “Spirituality and Well-Being in Terminally Ill Hospitalized Adults.” Research in Nursing & Health 10, no. 5 (October 1, 1987): 335–44. https://doi.org/10.1002/nur.4770100507.
  17. ↑ Chen, Fengyi, Yi Zhang, Lingjun Zhou, and Jing Cui. “Psychometric Evaluation of the Spiritual Perspective Scale in Palliative Care Nurses in China.” Journal of Religion and Health 61, no. 4 (August 2022): 2804–18. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10943-022-01582-w.
  18. ↑ Delaney, C. “The Spirituality Scale: Development and Psychometric Testing of a Holistic Instrument to Assess the Human Spiritual Dimension.” Journal of Holistic Nursing. United States: Sage Publications, January 1, 2005. British Library Document Supply Centre Inside Serials & Conference Proceedings
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