Seven Essential Needs
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Seven Essential Needs
The Seven Essential Needs are the seven needs the physical body and mind (i.e. Physical Unit) is required to meet in order to grow, develop, and finally achieve and maintain strong Connection.[1] [2] Failure to meet the seven essential needs leads to the 3Ds of Physical Existence. The Seven Essential Needs are broken down into two general categories, basic needs and inner needs.The basic needs include the physiological, cognitive, environmental, emotional, and psychological needs of the body. The inner needs include the need for Alignment and the need for Connection.
Syncretic Terms
Related LP Terms
Seven Essential Needs > 5Ds of Toxic Existence, Attachments, Basic Needs, Essential Needs Rule Set, Healing Space, Inner Needs, Needs Algorithm, Physical Unit, Planetary Healing, Realistic Empowerment, Sufficient Satisfaction, The Work, Toxic Socialization
Non-LP Related Terms
Seven Essential Needs > Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) Study, D-Cognition, D-Realm, Deficiency Diseases, Essential Needs, Good Science, Good Specimen, Health, Hierarchy of Basic Needs, Hierarchy of Cognitive Needs, Human Development, Human Development Framework, Metaphysical Framework, Needs, Normative Biology, Polyvagal Theory, Psychological Framework, Seven Toxic Needs, Transhumanistic, Violence
Notes
The Seven Essential Needs are broken down into two general categories, basic needs and inner needs. Basic needs are foundational needs. In order for an individual to grow healthy and connected, these needs must be sufficiently met else the body and mind atrophy. Meeting these needs puts an individual in Growth Mode while thwarting these needs leads to adaptions (Deficit Mode and Defense Mode) and impairments that undermine health, well being, daily function, and potential, and that make Alignment and Connection much more difficult.
The Basic Needs
The basic needs include our physiological, emotional, cognitive, psychological, and environmental needs.
Physiological Needs
Physiological needs include the need for healthy food, water, vitamins, and air, the need for physical exercise, the need for clothing, the need for sleep, and so on. Physiological needs also include the absence of physical pain.
Satisfaction of physiological needs has profound benefits for our physiological, emotional, cognitive, egoic, and spiritual well-being.
- Physiological Outcomes: Fulfilling physiological needs leads to overall improved health and vitality. Good nutrition promotes immune system function,[3] while regular physical activity can reduce the risk of various diseases like cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and obesity.[4] Adequate sleep is associated with enhanced immune function, improved metabolic health, and lower risk of chronic diseases.[5] Proper clothing protects the body from environmental hazards, while the absence of physical pain improves quality of life.[6]
- Egoic Outcomes:
- Emotional Outcomes: With physiological needs met, individuals are less likely to experience stress, anxiety, and depression related to survival worries. Moreover, regular physical exercise can lead to improved mood and reduced anxiety.[7]
- Cognitive Outcomes: Adequate nutrition, particularly intake of essential nutrients like omega-3 fatty acids, antioxidants, and B vitamins, can enhance cognitive function and slow cognitive decline.[8] Regular physical exercise and good sleep quality are also associated with better cognitive performance and reduced risk of neurodegenerative diseases.[9]
- Social Outcomes:
- Spiritual Outcomes: Meeting physiological needs can free up mental and emotional resources, allowing individuals to pursue Alignment and engage in Connection Practice Maslow's hierarchy of needs theory suggests that fulfilling basic needs is a prerequisite for addressing higher-level needs, including spirituality.[10]
A failure to meet physiological needs leads to a host of sequelae, including
- Physiological Impairments: Long-term deprivation of physiological needs can lead to various health issues. Lack of proper nutrition can cause malnutrition which in turn leads to structural changes and reduced brain volume,[11] a weakened immune system, and increased susceptibility to diseases.[12] Sleep deprivation can increase the risk of conditions such as heart disease, diabetes, obesity, and other chronic health problems.[13] The absence of physical exercise can lead to obesity, heart diseases, and a decreased life expectancy.[14] Constant physical pain can deteriorate overall health and quality of life.[15] Note that physiological deprivations experienced by the mother have negative consequences for the fetus.
- Egoic Impairments:
- Emotional Impairments: Long-term deprivation of physiological needs can lead to emotional stress, anxiety, and depression, primarily due to feelings of vulnerability and an incessant state of fear and anxiety over meeting basic needs.[16] Chronic stress and anxiety can in turn lead to additional mental health impairments.[17]
- Cognitive Impairments: Chronic malnutrition, particularly during the "brain growth spurt," can impact cognitive development and function, causing deficits in memory, attention, and cognitive flexibility.[18] Lack of sleep can significantly affect cognitive functions such as attention, memory, decision-making and problem-solving abilities.[19] Finally, the constant worry about meeting basic needs can distract from cognitive tasks, reducing productivity and learning capacity.[20]
- Social Impairments:
- Spiritual Impairments:
Adam Smith said an interesting thing about the deprivation of physiological needs, particularly in relation to poverty.[21]
Emotional Needs
Emotional needs include our “love and belonging needs,” our need for support, acceptance, connection, and inclusion in family and friend groupings. These needs are particular important need, evolutionarily speaking, since humans have always needed to be in groups to survive and thrive.
Sufficient satisfaction of emotional needs leads to, among other things,
- Physiological Outcomes: Satisfying emotional needs has been linked to better physiological health. Individuals who feel loved and supported have been found to have lower blood pressure, healthier heart rates, and stronger immune systems.[22][23]
- Egoic Outcomes:
- Emotional Outcomes: Fulfilling emotional needs contributes to emotional stability and satisfaction. Feelings of acceptance, love, and inclusion are associated with lower levels of stress,[24] anxiety, and depression.[25] Increased life satisfaction and overall happiness.[26]
- Egoic Outcomes: Enhanced Self-Esteem and Confidence: Emotional support and acceptance can reinforce an individual's self-worth, thus promoting higher self-esteem and confidence.[27]
- Cognitive Outcomes: Emotional well-being, fostered by satisfying emotional needs, has been linked to improved cognitive function. Positive emotional states can enhance memory, attention. Feeling emotionally secure can enable better focus on cognitive tasks[28]and problem-solving skills.[29]
- Social Outcomes:
- Spiritual Outcomes: When emotional needs are met, individuals may experience enhanced spiritual well-being. This includes a greater sense of purpose, connection to others and the universe, and inner peace.[30]
Failing to meet emotional needs can have a range of negative impacts across physiological, emotional, cognitive, spiritual, and social dimensions.
- Physiological Impairments: Chronic emotional distress, caused by unmet emotional needs, can lead to various physiological consequences. Studies have linked emotional stress to health issues such as cardiovascular disease, gastrointestinal problems, and weakened immune response.[31] Constant feelings of loneliness and isolation can trigger the body's stress response, leading to elevated levels of cortisol, a stress hormone. Over time, this can lead to physiological issues such as insomnia, digestive problems, heart disease, and a weakened immune system. Research suggests that social isolation and loneliness may even alter genetic expression, leading to increased inflammation and decreased immunity.[32]
- Emotional Impairments: Unmet emotional needs often lead to feelings of loneliness, anxiety, low self-esteem, and depression. The absence of emotional support can also increase the risk of mental health disorders.[33]Chronic unmet emotional needs often manifest as feelings of loneliness, anxiety, and depression. Individuals may experience low self-esteem and increased vulnerability to mood disorders. They are also more likely to engage in self-destructive behaviors as a means of coping with their emotional pain.[34] Individuals with unmet needs may be easier to manipulate because of their lifelong craving and desperate seeking of satisfaction. [35] This craving, which is often completely unconscious, can be exploited by disreputable or mentally ill actors. See for example Layton who cites Jim Jones attention and manipulative praise as psychological reasons for her toxic attachment to the Jonestown cult. [36] Note, this applies to all needs. Insufficient satisfaction leads to "craving" which makes actors susceptible to manipulators who offers, or even just promise, the satisfaction of one or more of the seven essential needs.
- Cognitive Impairments: Research shows that emotional well-being is closely linked to cognitive function. Chronic emotional stress can impair cognitive processes such as attention, memory, and decision-making. Long-term emotional neglect can also lead to cognitive decline in later life.[37][38]
- Social Impairments: From a social perspective, unmet emotional needs can lead to difficulties in forming and maintaining healthy relationships. This can result in social withdrawal, lack of empathy, and difficulty in communicating feelings effectively.[39]
- Spiritual Impairments: Unmet emotional needs can impact a person's sense of purpose and connectedness, vital elements of spiritual well-being. Feelings of loneliness and isolation may contribute to a sense of existential emptiness and a lack of meaning in life,[40] leaving one without a clear purpose or direction.[41]
Cognitive Needs
Our cognitive needs are our biologically and spiritually rooted need to know and understand the world.[42] Basically, our powerful need for truth.[43] [44] The cognitive needs are self-evident in children where they are expressed at a very early age in the incessant questioning of young children. “Mommy, why is the sky blue?” “Why is daddy angry all the time?”
Just like all your other basic needs, your truth needs are biologically rooted needs important for individual and collective survival, growth, and connection. An organism that does not know and understand its environment, an organism that does not pay attention and seek out the truth of things, is an organism not long for this world.
Satisfying cognitive needs can lead to various positive outcomes.
- Physiological Outcomes: One of the key impacts is improved brain health. Researchers have shown active engagement in mentally stimulating activities can contribute to the maintenance of cognitive function in old age and reduce the risk of neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's.[45] Individuals may also experience a lower level of stress and anxiety, which can positively impact physical health, such as better sleep, stronger immune system, and a healthier heart rate.[46]
- Egoic Outcomes:
- Emotional Outcomes: Emotionally, satisfying cognitive needs can lead to increased self-esteem, reduced anxiety, and better emotional regulation. Satisfying cognitive needs can help individuals make sense of their emotions, leading to improved emotional well-being.[47] Fulfillment of cognitive needs is often linked to greater emotional well-being and happiness, resulting in more positive emotions, less emotional distress, and greater resilience in the face of adversity.[48]
- Cognitive Outcomes: From a cognitive perspective, satisfying cognitive needs can lead to enhanced problem-solving abilities, creativity, and critical thinking skills,[49] all of which can make it a lot easier to navigate and survive this planet's Toxic Socialization system.When cognitive needs such as autonomy, competence, and relatedness are met, individuals can show higher levels of motivation, creativity, and problem-solving abilities.[48]
- Spiritual Outcomes: Spiritually speaking, satisfying cognitive needs helps alleviate boredom,[50] empowers, increases self-awareness, and enhances self-control and resilience. It also aids in the development of a solid worldview[51] which in turn enhances one's sense of fulfillment, one's purpose and meaning in life.[52] When cognitive needs are satisfied, individuals often feel a deeper sense of purpose and meaning in life, which can enrich their spiritual experiences.[53]
Failing to satisfy cognitive needs can lead to various negative outcomes.
- Physiological Consequences:
- Cognitive Atrophy: The brain, being a highly dynamic organ, follows the rule of "use it or lose it." When cognitive needs are not met, especially in early development stages, it can lead to atrophy of certain brain regions involved in cognitive processing. This lack of cognitive stimulation can lead to reduced neuronal connectivity and synaptic density, resulting in poorer cognitive abilities.[54]
- Increased Risk of Neurodegenerative Disorders: Numerous studies have suggested that cognitive engagement and mental stimulation throughout life can build a 'cognitive reserve' that can delay the onset of neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer's and dementia. Failure to meet cognitive needs can potentially increase the risk of developing such disorders. For example, research has shown that lower cognitive activity levels are associated with higher risks for Alzheimer's disease and faster cognitive decline.[55]
- Increased Stress Response: The inability to understand or make sense of one's environment due to unmet cognitive needs can lead to increased stress and anxiety. Chronic stress has been associated with a multitude of physiological issues, including an overactive sympathetic nervous system, increased blood pressure, and a higher risk of cardiovascular disease.
- Stunted Intellectual Growth: One of the most direct negative outcomes of unmet cognitive needs is stunted intellectual growth and limited cognitive abilities. This can lead to poor problem-solving skills, lack of critical thinking, and reduced creativity. An environment that does not satisfy an individual's cognitive needs can limit their cognitive development and ability to learn effectively.
- Emotional Consequences: Emotionally, failure to meet cognitive needs can result in anxiety, depression, and low self-esteem. Lack of understanding or knowledge about oneself or the world can lead to feelings of insecurity and inferiority, causing emotional distress. Studies have shown a strong correlation between unmet cognitive needs and mental health issues[56].
- Social Consequences: On a social level, inability to satisfy cognitive needs can lead to poor social interactions and relationships. Understanding social cues, empathizing with others, and effectively communicating are all dependent on cognitive processes. An individual who lacks these cognitive skills may face difficulties in forming and maintaining social relationships.
- Spiritual Consequences: Spiritually, individuals may struggle with a lack of purpose or meaning in life if their cognitive needs are not met. The quest for understanding and knowledge is often closely tied to one's search for spiritual or existential meaning.
Psychological Needs
In addition to physiological, environmental, and emotional needs, we also have basic psychological needs. Our psychological needs include our need for positive self-esteem and sense of self, our need to feel powerful and competent,[57] our need to feel good about and to have faith in ourselves,[58] and our need for autonomy and freedom,[59] We need to feel we are a good person that is worthy of love and acceptance. We also need to feel competent and powerful, like we can accomplish the things we want to accomplish in life.[60][61][62][63]
Satisfaction of these needs has been linked to well-being,[64] competence, vitality,[65] and enhanced creativity. Satisfaction of these leads also support Alignment and Connection, which together allow for the full expression of the Spiritual Ego.
Sufficiently meeting psychological needs has been shown to promote well-being and overall life satisfaction across several dimensions:
- Physiological Outcomes: When psychological needs are met, it can lead to improved physiological health. Studies have shown that positive self-esteem and autonomy are associated with better physical health, likely due to healthier lifestyle choices and improved stress management. Enhanced well-being can also lead to improved immune function and slower aging[66]).
- Egoic Outcomes:
- Emotional Outcomes: Meeting psychological needs contributes significantly to emotional well-being. A positive self-concept, feelings of competence, and autonomy are all associated with lower levels of negative emotions and higher levels of positive emotions. People with high self-esteem and feelings of competence tend to be more resilient and better able to handle emotional setbacks.[67]
- Cognitive Outcomes: Satisfying psychological needs like autonomy and competence has been linked to enhanced cognitive performance, including improved problem-solving skills, creativity, and learning outcomes. It also encourages a growth mindset, promoting continuous learning and intellectual development[68].
- Spiritual Outcomes: A positive sense of self and feelings of competence can contribute to spiritual growth by fostering a sense of purpose and meaning in life. Individuals who have their psychological needs met may be better able to engage in self-reflection and spiritual exploration[69]
Chronic failure to meet psychological needs such as a positive sense of self, autonomy, competence, and feeling good about oneself can have severe consequences:
- Physiological Impairments: Chronic psychological distress can have significant impacts on physiological health. Prolonged experiences of low self-esteem, feelings of incompetence, and lack of autonomy can lead to stress, which in turn can affect the immune system, cardiovascular health, and sleep patterns.[70] Chronic stress has also been linked to accelerated cellular aging[71]
- Egoic/Personality Impairments.
- Personality Disorders: Particularly, narcissistic personality disorder (NPD) may arise from an inflated sense of self-worth and a desperate need for validation, while borderline personality disorder (BPD) might occur when an individual feels chronically invalidated and struggles with self-image and fear of abandonment.[72][73]
- Eating Disorders: Unmet needs for self-esteem and competence can contribute to the development of eating disorders such as anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa. These disorders often stem from a distorted body image and an extreme desire for control.[74]
- Substance Use Disorders: These disorders may occur when individuals use substances as a coping mechanism to deal with feelings of low self-esteem, powerlessness, or lack of freedom. Substance use disorders are closely linked to poor mental health and unmet psychological needs.[75]
- Emotional Impairments: A lack of fulfillment in psychological needs can lead to various emotional disorders, including depression, anxiety, and other mood disorders. Poor self-esteem and feelings of incompetence can lead to heightened sensitivity to negative feedback and rejection, increasing vulnerability to depressive symptoms.[76][77]
- Cognitive Impairments: Unmet psychological needs can negatively impact cognitive functioning. A lack of autonomy and feelings of incompetence can impair problem-solving abilities and diminish creativity. It can also result in a fixed mindset, impeding learning and intellectual growth.[78] It can undermine motivation for learning and intellectual development.[79]
- Spiritual Impairments: Chronic failure to meet psychological needs can also hinder spiritual growth. Low self-esteem, lack of autonomy, and feelings of incompetence can impede a person's search for meaning and purpose in life, potentially leading to existential crises and a lack of spiritual fulfillment.[80]
Environmental Needs
Environmental needs include our need for safe, secure, nurturing, stable, and aesthetically pleasing environments. This includes a need for a safe spaces where we can rest, develop, and grow, secure finances, consistency, and stability. Note that safety includes the absence of violence of any kind, including physical violence (e.g., spanking), emotional violence (name-calling, shaming), and psychological violence (verbal aggression, intimidation, condescension, passive-aggressive attacks, etc). Stability includes the emotional consistency of stable and nurturing parental relationships, as well as financial stability sufficient enough to remove the anxieties and uncertainties of basic survival.
The consequences of a failure to provide safe environments is cumulative psychological, emotional, physical, and spiritual damage. For example, Swami Vivekananda notes "The older we grow, the longer we are knocked about in the world, the more callous we become."[81]
Inner Needs
Alignment
express and unfold [57]
We all have a need to express[82] and unfold. Aristotle, Carl Rogers, and others capture these needs with the concept Eudaimonia which is the expression of human excellence and virtue (read Alignment),the doing of what is worth doing.[83]
Moving to the inner needs now, our alignment need is essentially our need to be “synced-up” with our spiritual ego, to be in alignment with our spiritual ego,. To express and actualize who we truly are deep inside. It can be a little challenging to wrap your head around this, and we talk about it in much greater detail later. For now, just imagine your Spiritual Ego for what it is, a very bright, powerful, kind, compassionate, loving, and aware spiritual being. To be in alignment means that your bodily ego thinks, acts, and feels with the same power, kindness, compassion, love, and awareness that characterizes your spiritual ego. If you are not acting like that, you are not acting in alignment with your spiritual ego.
If you want to know what alignment looks like, think Jesus Christ, the Buddha, and, for all his patriarchal and elitist imperfections, Ghandi or Mother Theresa. Though they may not have been perfect, these individuals strove to meet their need for alignment between the spiritual ego and bodily ego by expressing power, kindness, compassion, love, and awareness.
For your information, Maslow has some thoughts on this inner need for alignment in his article “How we Diminish Ourselves," and how this need to align with our "deepest nature" finds a way to push through even when we actively resist. <ref>Abraham H. Maslow, “How We Diminish Ourselves,” The Journal of Humanistic Education and Development 29, no. 3 (March 1, 1991): 117–20.</ref>
Alignment needs are your needs to be in alignment/agreement with your own ethics, values, and purpose. In LP terms, this means being in alignment with your Spiritual Ego.
in Humanistic psychology, self-actualization.[84] Presuming the existence of a “soul,” or a spark of Consciousness that exists independent of the physical body, we need to align our bodily ego, our body’s self or Bodily Ego, with this higher level our Self, our Spiritual Ego.
Connection
Connection needs are your needs to be connected, to your family, to your friends, to your work place, and to your own higher self.
- Our biological programmed Need for Connection with family, Spirit, Highest Self, place (land), the ancestors,[85] Pachamama,[86]and God.
- It is not enough to actualize our highest self, we need to go beyond and actually make a strong connection with this inner Self.
- This is a common desideratum of human spiritual systems. In Transpersonal Psychology, transcendence; in Christianity, Islamic, salvation; in Buddhism, enlightenment; etc.) In Transpersonal Psychology, this is known as transcendence; in Christianity and Islamic traditions, this is known as salvation, “Entering the Kingdom,” etc. in Buddhism and Easter traditions, enlightenment). In Sociology, this notion is expressed in a Christian form in Troelstech’s conception of mysticism as the “perfection of the spiritual life” and “unity with the divine” (Steeman, 1975). Evelyn Underhill points directly to this need when she says that we have an “innate tendency...towards complete harmony with the transcendental order, whatever the theological formula under which that order is understood” (Underhill, 2002). Jung referred to this as the experience of the numinosum (Jung, 1938, p. 6).
In Vedanta, this is the highest need, the most " outstanding urge in people is the search after the abiding spirit or God. There is an inherent desire in every man to experience the abiding spirit, and until he reaches that goal there is no hope for real peace of mind."[87] Satisfaction of one's essential needs leads to wellbeing, physical, mental, and emotional health, creativity, and Eudaimonia.[88]
Need for Connection with Spiritual Ego
Our final need, our core essential need, is a deep and abiding need for connection between your bodily ego and spiritual ego. As always, this essential need for connection is biologically programmed by evolutionary processes for several reasons, most important of which, as outlined in Lightning Rod on the Positive Outcomes of Connection, is that being connected makes you smarter, more capable, healthier, happier, and more adaptable than you would be without connection, thereby increasing your chances of surviving and living a happy and fulfilling life. Basically, the spiritual ego is a better, more powerful, more capable version of your body ego. If you want the most out of life, you definitely want to connect the two.
In the literature
George Simmel speaks of " religiousness as an inner state or need of man..."[89]
Underhill says "Broadly speaking, I understand it to be the expression of the innate tendency of the human spirit towards complete harmony with the transcendental order; whatever be the theological formula under which that order is understood."[90]
Einstein says... "There is a mystical drive in man to learn about his own existence...the dignity of man depends not on his membership in a church, but on his scrutinizing mind, his confidence in his intellect, his figuring things out for himself, and above all his respect for the laws of creation" (Hermanns, 1983: np)
Grof says "spiritual search [i.e., search for connection] appears to be an understandable and legitimate human activity." [91] Further, "The deepest motivating force in the human psyche on all the levels of our development is the craving to return to the experience of our divinity"[92]
The satisfaction of the seventh essential need - connection. "Only the experience of one's divinity in a non-ordinary state of consciousness can ever fulfill our deepest needs"[93]
Grof also notes that "Full satisfaction comes ultimately from the experience of...our own divinity, not the pursuit of material goals of any scope or kind [94].
"It is now becoming increasingly evident that a craving for transcendence and a need for inner development are basic and normal aspects of human nature." (alignment and connection) [95]
Huxley (PP) notes that Totalitarian regimes exploit humanity's need for "unity" (read Connection) by "by means of a philosophy of political monism, according to which the state is God on earth, unification under the heel of the divine state is salvation, and all means to such unification, however intrinsically wicked, are right and may be used without scruple."
St. Teresa of Avila notes speaks of a need for actualization and connection suggesting that is "quenches thirst." "Oh, my Lord, if only one could be plunged so deeply into this living water that one’s life would end! Can that be? Yes: 34 this love and desire for God35 can increase so much that human nature is unable to bear it, and so there have been persons who have died of it."[96]
Sri Swami Sivananda notes that religion (I would say Authentic Religion) a "deep inward craving" (i.e., a need for connection)[97]
Swami Vivekananda speaks of the critical importance of meeting people's needs. Though he did not use that name, intimations of a hierarchy of needs was first proposed by Swami Vivekananda in "The Secret Work" in his book Karma Yoga. [98]
Essential needs are equivalent to "basic needs" in that they represent "an energizing state that, if satisfied, conduces toward health and well-being but, if not satisfied, contributes to pathology and ill-being." [99]
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Footnotes
- ↑ Sosteric and Ratkovic. “Seven Essential Needs,” 2018. https://www.academia.edu/38114100/The_Seven_Essential_Needs.
- ↑ Also see Ratkovic, Gina and Sosteric, MIke. “It Takes a Village: Advancing Attachment Theory and Recovering the Roots of Human Health with the Seven Essential Needs.” Aotearoa New Zealand Social Work, 2022. https://www.academia.edu/61410417
- ↑ Catherine Field, and Glen P. Johnson, "Vitamins and Immunity," Journal of Immunology Research 2019 (2019): 6752693. 10.1155/2019/6752693
- ↑ Steven N. Blair, "Physical inactivity: the biggest public health problem of the 21st century," British Journal of Sports Medicine 43, no. 1 (2009): 1-2. 10.1136/bjsm.2008.055616
- ↑ Kristen L. Knutson, "Sleep duration and cardiometabolic risk: A review of the epidemiologic evidence," Best Practice & Research Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 24, no. 5 (2010): 731-743. 10.1016/j.beem.2010.07.001
- ↑ >Paul J. Goadsby, "Recent advances in understanding migraine mechanisms, molecules and therapeutics," Trends in Molecular Medicine 13, no. 1 (2007): 39-44. 10.1016/j.molmed.2006.11.005
- ↑ Michael W. Otto, Jasper A. J. Smits, "Exercise for mood and anxiety: Proven strategies for overcoming depression and enhancing well-being," (New York: Oxford University Press, 2011).
- ↑ Barbara Shukitt-Hale, Marshall G. Miller, Nopporn Thangthaeng, Amanda N. Poulose, "Berry Fruit Enhances Beneficial Signaling in the Brain," Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 65, no. 5 (2017): 820-827. 10.1021/acs.jafc.6b03110
- ↑ Laura D. Baker, Laura L. Frank, Karen Foster-Schubert, Pattie S. Green, Charles W. Wilkinson, Anne McTiernan, "Aerobic Exercise Improves Cognition for Older Adults with Glucose Intolerance, A Risk Factor for Alzheimer's Disease," Journal of Alzheimer's Disease 22, no. 2 (2010): 569-579. 10.3233/JAD-2010-100768
- ↑ Abraham H. Maslow, "A theory of human motivation," Psychological Review 50, no. 4 (1943): 370-396.
- ↑ Isaacson, R. L. (1974). The effect of malnutrition on the developing brain. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 27(6), 667–676
- ↑ Ann M. Prendergast, and Eleanor M. Riley, "Immune Mechanisms in Malaria: New Insights in Vaccine Development," Nature Medicine 19, no. 2 (2013): 168.10.1038/nm.3083
- ↑ Kristen L. Knutson, and Eve Van Cauter, "Associations Between Sleep Loss and Increased Risk of Obesity and Diabetes," Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 1129, no. 1 (2008): 287-304. 10.1196/annals.1417.033
- ↑ Steven N. Blair, and William L. Haskell, "Objectively Measured Physical Activity and Mortality in Older Adults," JAMA 296, no. 2 (2006): 216-218. 10.1249/MSS.0b013e31828b076a
- ↑ Abraham H. Maslow, "A Theory of Human Motivation," Psychological Review 50, no. 4 (1943): 370.
- ↑ Mary C. Sutter, "Fear, Anxiety and Worry," Psychiatry 3, no. 2 (2004): 45-48.
- ↑ Mark L. Hatzenbuehler, "How Does Sexual Minority Stigma "Get Under the Skin"? A Psychological Mediation Framework," Psychological Bulletin 135, no. 5 (2009): 707. 10.1037/a0016441
- ↑ Lynne Georgiadis, Alan Jackson, and Lucy Eaton, "Undernutrition and Cognitive Function in School-Aged Children: A Systematic Review," BMJ Open 10, no. 5 (2020): e035378. 10.1136/bmjopen-2019-035378
- ↑ Hans P.A. Van Dongen, Greg Maislin, Janet M. Mullington, and David F. Dinges, "The Cumulative Cost of Additional Wakefulness: Dose-Response Effects on Neurobehavioral Functions and Sleep Physiology From Chronic Sleep Restriction and Total Sleep Deprivation," Sleep 26, no. 2 (2003): 117-26.
- ↑ Rachel T. Kimbro, Jeanne Brooks-Gunn, and Sara McLanahan, "Young Children in Urban Areas: Links Among Neighborhood Characteristics, Weight Status, Outdoor Play, and Television-Watching," Social Science & Medicine 72, no. 5 (2011): 668-76.
- ↑ "But poverty, though it does not prevent the generation, is extremely unfavourable to the rearing of children. The tender plant is produced, but in so cold a soil and so severe a climate, soon withers and dies. " Smith, Adam. The Wealth of Nations - An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations. Bantam Classics, 2003.
- ↑ Julianne Holt-Lunstad, Timothy B. Smith, Mark Baker, Tyler Harris, David Stephenson, "Loneliness and Social Isolation as Risk Factors for Mortality: A Meta-Analytic Review," Perspectives on Psychological Science 10, no. 2 (2015): 227-237. 10.1177/1745691614568352
- ↑ Sarah Stewart-Brown, "Emotional wellbeing and its relation to health: Physical disease may well result from emotional distress," BMJ 317, no. 7173 (1998): 1608-1609.10.1136/bmj.317.7173.1608
- ↑ heldon Cohen and Thomas A. Wills, "Stress, social support, and the buffering hypothesis," Psychological Bulletin 98, no. 2 (1985): 310-357. 10.1037/0033-2909.98.2.310
- ↑ Sarah Stewart-Brown, "Emotional wellbeing and its relation to health: Physical disease may well result from emotional distress," BMJ 317, no. 7173 (1998): 1608-1609. 10.1136/bmj.317.7173.1608
- ↑ Sonja Lyubomirsky, Laura King, and Ed Diener, "The benefits of frequent positive affect: Does happiness lead to success?" Psychological Bulletin 131, no. 6 (2005): 803-855. 10.1037/0033-2909.131.6.803
- ↑ Roy F. Baumeister, Jennifer D. Campbell, Joachim I. Krueger, and Kathleen D. Vohs, "Does High Self-Esteem Cause Better Performance, Interpersonal Success, Happiness, or Healthier Lifestyles?" Psychological Science in the Public Interest 4, no. 1 (2003): 1-44. 10.1111/1529-1006.01431
- ↑ Stacey Wood, Eryn Brown, "Insightful problem solving and emotion: A selective review," The Journal of Creative Behavior 45, no. 3 (2011): 204-220.
- ↑ Michael A. Yassa, and Maria A. Stark, "Pattern separation in the hippocampus," Trends in Neurosciences 34, no. 10 (2011): 515-525. 10.1016/j.tins.2011.06.006
- ↑ Lisa Miller, Brien Kelley, Seungmin Jahng, Roberta Payne, "Spirituality and Health: The Role of Religion," Spirituality in Clinical Practice 1, no. 1 (2014): 42-50. 10.1037/scp0000006
- ↑ Salleh, Mohd. Razali, "Life Event, Stress and Illness," The Malaysian Journal of Medical Sciences 15, no. 4 (2008): 9–18.
- ↑ Cole, Steve W., "Social Regulation of Human Gene Expression: Mechanisms and Implications for Public Health," American Journal of Public Health 103, no. S1 (2013): S84–S92.
- ↑ Taylor, Shelley E., et al., "Social Support, Stress and the Aging Brain," Social Neuroscience 10, no. 5 (2015): 378-391.
- ↑ Hawkley, Louise C., and John T. Cacioppo, "Loneliness Matters: A Theoretical and Empirical Review of Consequences and Mechanisms," Annals of Behavioral Medicine 40, no. 2 (2010): 218–227
- ↑ Grof, Stanislav. When the Impossible Happens. Boulder, CO: Sounds True, 2006.
- ↑ Layton, Deborah. Seductive Poison. New York: Anchor Books, 2010. https://amzn.to/2wxOse4.
- ↑ Sapolsky, Robert M., "Why Zebras Don't Get Ulcers," Times Books, 2004
- ↑ Cacioppo, John T., and Stephanie Cacioppo, "Social Relationships and Health: The Toxic Effects of Perceived Social Isolation," Social and Personality Psychology Compass 8, no. 2 (2014): 58–72
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- ↑ Park, Crystal L., "Religion and Meaning," Handbook of the Psychology of Religion and Spirituality, 2013, pp. 357–378
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- ↑ Maslow mentioned the need to know and to understand in his seminal 1943 article "A theory of Human Motivation."
- ↑ As psychologist Abraham Maslow said, "the most important characteristics of psychological health was simply the ability to perceive clearly—that is, to see the truth, to penetrate falsehood, phoniness, hypocrisy, and so on." In other words, the need to be in touch with reality. Abraham Maslow, “Eupsychia—The Good Society,” Journal of Humanistic Psychology 1, no. 2 (1961): 3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">[[#cite_ref-44|↑]]</span> <span class="reference-text">Habermas's provides a similar conception for cognitive needs in [[Cognitive Interests]] Scott, John P. “Critical Social Theory: An Introduction and Critique.” The British Journal of Sociology 29, no. 1 (1978): 1. <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.2307/589216. p. 2
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- ↑ Vivekananda, Swami. “Karma Yoga.” Collected Works of Swami Vivekananda. Vol. 1. 9 vols. Advaita Ashrama, 2016. https://www.holybooks.com/wp-content/uploads/SWAMI-VIVEKANANDA-COMPLETE-WORKS-Vol-1.pdf
- ↑ Expression is identified as an emotional need in Akhilananda, Swami. Hindu Psychology: Its Meaning in the West. Routledge, 1948.
- ↑ Ryan, Richard M, and Edward L Deci. Self-Determination Theory: Basic Psychological Needs in Motivation, Development, and Wellness. New York: The Guilford Press, 2017
- ↑ The term self-actualization, originally coined by Kurt Goldstein, was picked up by Abraham Maslow. For Maslow, the need for self-actualization is the need to be creative, to express one’s essence and desire, and to do what one is “fitted for.” As he says, “A musician must make music, an artist must paint, a poet must write, if he is to be ultimately happy. What a man [sic] can be, he must be. This need we may call self-actualization” (Maslow, 1943, pp. 382). This is all true, but in LP psychology we would understand self-actualization as actualization/expression of Self, with a capital "S".
- ↑ Lucana, Sonia, and John Elfers. “Sacred Medicine: Indigenous Healing and Mental Health.” The Qualitative Report 25, no. 12 (December 1, 2020): 4482
- ↑ Lucana, Sonia, and John Elfers. “Sacred Medicine: Indigenous Healing and Mental Health.” The Qualitative Report 25, no. 12 (December 1, 2020): 4482.
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- ↑ Ryan, Richard M., and Edward L. Deci. “The Darker and Brighter Sides of Human Existence: Basic Psychological Needs as a Unifying Concept.” Psychological Inquiry 11, no. 4 (October 1, 2000): 319–38. https://doi.org/10.1207/S15327965PLI1104_03
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- ↑ Grof, Stanislav. Technologies of the Sacred Part Two.” The International Journal of Humanities and Peace 15, no. 1 (1999): 93–96. p. 93.
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- ↑ Laszlo, Ervin, Stanislav Grof, and Peter Russell. The Consciousness Revolution. Las Vegas: Elf Rock Productions, 1999. https://amzn.to/2TlOCmC. p. 67.
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- ↑ St. Teresa of Avila. The Way of Perfection. New York: Dover Publications, 2012. https://amzn.to/2Id75es.
- ↑ Sivananda, Sri Swami. All About Hinduism. Uttar Predesh, Humalayas, India: Divine Life Trust, 1999. https://www.academia.edu/32682910
- ↑ Vivekananda, Swami. "The Secret of Work." Collected Works of Swami Vivekananda. Vol. 5. 9 vols. Advaita Ashrama, 2016. https://www.holybooks.com/wp-content/uploads/SWAMI-VIVEKANANDA-COMPLETE-WORKS-Vol-1.pdf
- ↑ Ryan, R. M., and E. L. Deci. “Self-Determination Theory and the Facilitation of Intrinsic Motivation, Social Development, and Well-Being.” American Psychologist, 2000. p. 74.