Seven Essential Needs
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Seven Essential Needs
The Seven Essential Needs are the seven needs the physical body and mind (i.e. Physical Unit) is required to meet in order to grow, develop, and finally achieve and maintain strong Connection.[1] [2] The Seven Essential Needs are broken down into two general categories, basic needs and inner needs.The basic needs include the physiological, cognitive, environmental, emotional, and psychological needs of the body. The inner needs include the need for Alignment and the need for Connection.
Syncretic Terms
Related LP Terms
Seven Essential Needs > Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) Study, D-Cognition, D-Realm, Deficiency Diseases, Essential Needs, Good Science, Good Specimen, Health, Hierarchy of Basic Needs, Hierarchy of Cognitive Needs, Human Development, Human Development Framework, Metaphysical Framework, Needs, Normative Biology, Polyvagal Theory, Psychological Framework, Seven Toxic Needs, Transhumanistic, Violence
Non-LP Related Terms
Seven Essential Needs > 5Ds of Toxic Existence, Attachments, Basic Needs, Essential Needs Rule Set, Healing Space, Inner Needs, Needs Algorithm, Physical Unit, Planetary Healing, Realistic Empowerment, Sufficient Satisfaction, The Work, Toxic Socialization
Video Discussion
Notes
The Seven Essential Needs are broken down into two general categories, basic needs and inner needs.
The Basic Needs
Basic needs are met, obviously, by providing the necessary environmental conditions, nutrients, and "nutriments," [3] like autonomy, competence, and relatedness. Environments which provide for these create conditions conducive to the satisfaction of basic needs while environments that lack these, or that undermine there provision, create environments hostile to basic needs satisfaction. Environments here include those at the familial, social, community, national, and international level. Factors in the environment that impact would include quality of relationships, social organization (whether it is hierarchical or egalitarian, supportive or coercive), norms and values, economic practices, and so on.
Physiological Needs
Physiological needs include the need for healthy food, water, vitamins, and air, the need for physical exercise, the need for clothing, the need for sleep, and so on. Physiological needs also include the absence of physical pain. Meeting physiological needs keeps the body and mind healthy and growing. Failing to do so stunts growth and undermines the body's ability to develop, stay healthy and strong.
Adam Smith said an interesting thing about the deprivation of physiological needs, particularly in relation to poverty.[4]
Emotional Needs
Emotional needs include our “love and belonging needs.” This includes our need for love, support, acceptance, and inclusion in family, friend groups, and in society. We all need to feel we are wanted, belong, and connected to something. We all need to feel attached to a solid family (ideally) or a supportive group of friends (second best). As with physiological needs, meeting environmental needs helps the body grow up healthy and strong. Failing to meet these needs stunts growth and damages the body and mind.
These needs are met by parents, number one, by teachers and peer groups, number two.
Humans are biologically wired, for survival reasons, to need to be a part of families, to need to be part of groups. This is not only because children remain dependent on adults for at least three decades, but also because it is impossible for a person on their own to survive “out in the woods.” Even a sole-survivor type of guy still needs things like shovels, guns, bullets, axes, and so on, and these can only be produced with the help of a society of some sort.
When unmet, the need for love, positive regard, and attention can become desperation. Individuals with unmet emotional needs can "go through life craving and seeking satisfaction" of these needs."[5] This craving, which is often completely unconscious, can be exploited by disreputable or mentally ill actors. See for example Layton who cites Jim Jones attention and manipulative praise as psychological reasons for her toxic attachment to the Jonestown cult. [6]
Cognitive Needs
We all have powerful needs to know and understand the world. We all have a need to experience truth and to be in touch with reality. We all have a biological drive to know and understand the world.[7] [8]
Cognitive Needs — The final category of basic needs is our cognitive needs. Our cognitive needs are our biologically and spiritually rooted need to know and understand the world. Basically, our powerful need for truth.[fn] As psychologist Abraham Maslow said, "the most important characteristics of psychological health was simply the ability to perceive clearly—that is, to see the truth, to penetrate falsehood, phoniness, hypocrisy, and so on." In other words, the need to be in touch with reality. Abraham Maslow, “Eupsychia—The Good Society,” Journal of Humanistic Psychology 1, no. 2 (1961): 3.[/fn] The cognitive needs are self-evident in children where they are expressed at a very early age in the incessant questioning of young children. “Mommy, why is the sky blue?” “Why is daddy angry all the time?”
Just like all your other basic needs, your truth needs are biologically rooted needs important for individual and collective survival, growth, and connection. An organism that does not know and understand its environment, an organism that does not pay attention and seek out the truth of things, is an organism not long for this world.
This truth is self-evident and expressed at a very early age. “Mommy, why is the sky blue?” “Daddy, why are you angry all the time?”
Unlike your other needs, which are derived from the requirements of your [wiki]Physical Unit[/wiki], the cognitive needs also derive from spiritual imperatives fundamental to Consciousness. As explained in the advanced course LP 380 - LP Cosmology I, Consciousness is nothing if not pure awareness of truth and complete understanding of nature; so, it is not surprising that your body has a need to follow, find out, and understand the truth of all things.
Psychological Needs
In addition to physiological, environmental, and emotional needs, we also have basic psychological needs. Our psychological needs include our need for self-esteem, our need to feel powerful and competent, our need to feel good about ourselves, and our need for freedom. In other words, we need to have a positive sense of self and a strong self-esteem. We need to feel we are a good person that is worthy of love and acceptance. We also need to feel competent and powerful, like we can accomplish the things we want to accomplish in life. If these psychological needs are not met, we develop low self-esteem and can become passive, learned helpless, and depressed, all of which makes growth, development and connection with Spiritual Ego a lot harder to do.
Esteem power needs would be related to Habermas's "emancipatory interests." "At a more abstract level, the emancipatory interest involves liberating men from historically contingent constraints through a process of 'self reflection'." [9]
[10] -- Psychological needs include the need for autonomy, the need to feel efficacious, competent, and powerful,[11] to have high self-esteem, to successfully manifest and create the world we want. Psychological research has long demonstrated the importance to psychological health of feelings of efficacy and competence.[12][13][14][15] More recently, these needs are discussed under the rubric of self-determination theory.[16]
Ryan and Deci note that “The Fullest representations of humanity show people to be curious, vital, and self-motivated. At their best, they are agentic and inspired, striving to learn; extend themselves; master new skills; and apply their talents responsibly. That most people show considerable effort, agency, and commitment in their lives appears, in fact, to be more normative than exceptional, suggesting some very positive and persistent features of human nature.”[17] In other words, left to their own devices, people are naturally motivated to develop skills and mastery, to strive for autonomy and competence. This drive is part of an individual’s “inherent growth tendencies and innate psychological needs.” “Satisfaction of these needs has been linked to well-being,[18] competence, vitality,[19] and enhanced creativity. We all need to feel good about ourselves, to feel powerful and efficacious, to have high self esteem, to "have faith in ourselves,"[20] to successfully manifest or will/Intent in creation, to create the world we want. Or, as Ryan and Deci point out, we need to feel competent and autonomous,[21] with autonomy being defined as "self-regulation and integration in acting"[22] We all have a need to express[23] and unfold. Aristotle, Carl Rogers, and others capture these needs with the concept Eudaimonia which is the expression of human excellence and virtue (read Alignment),the doing of what is worth doing.[24]
Environmental Needs
Environmental needs include our need for safe, secure, nurturing, stable, and aesthetically pleasing environments. This includes a need for a safe spaces where we can rest, develop, and grow, secure finances, consistency, and stability. Note that safety includes the absence of violence of any kind, including physical violence (e.g., spanking), emotional violence (name-calling, shaming), and psychological violence (verbal aggression, intimidation, condescension, passive-aggressive attacks, etc). Stability includes the emotional consistency of stable and nurturing parental relationships, as well as financial stability sufficient enough to remove the anxieties and uncertainties of basic survival. As with physiological needs, meeting environmental needs helps the body grow up healthy and strong. Failing to meet these needs stunts growth and damages the body and mind.
Safe home, safe spaces, secure finances, consistency, and stability. Safety includes the absence of assault of any kind, including physical assault (e.g., spanking), emotional assault, and psychological assault. Stability includes the emotional consistency of stable parental relationships. Financial stability includes resources sufficient to remove the anxieties and uncertainties of survival. The negative consequence of a failure to provide safe environments is long-term disability.
The consequences of a failure to provide safe environments is cumulative psychological, emotional, physical, and spiritual damage. For example, Swami Vivekananda notes "The older we grow, the longer we are knocked about in the world, the more callous we become."[25]
See the article "Toxic Socialization" [26] which provides a run down of all the consequences that accrue as a consequence of violence, which is something that occurs in evironments that are not safe.
Inner Needs
Alignment
Moving to the inner needs now, our alignment need is essentially our need to be “synced-up” with our spiritual ego, to be in alignment with our spiritual ego,. To express and actualize who we truly are deep inside. It can be a little challenging to wrap your head around this, and we talk about it in much greater detail later. For now, just imagine your Spiritual Ego for what it is, a very bright, powerful, kind, compassionate, loving, and aware spiritual being. To be in alignment means that your bodily ego thinks, acts, and feels with the same power, kindness, compassion, love, and awareness that characterizes your spiritual ego. If you are not acting like that, you are not acting in alignment with your spiritual ego.
If you want to know what alignment looks like, think Jesus Christ, the Buddha, and, for all his patriarchal and elitist imperfections, Ghandi or Mother Theresa. Though they may not have been perfect, these individuals strove to meet their need for alignment between the spiritual ego and bodily ego by expressing power, kindness, compassion, love, and awareness.
For your information, Maslow has some thoughts on this inner need for alignment in his article “How we Diminish Ourselves," and how this need to align with our "deepest nature" finds a way to push through even when we actively resist. <ref>Abraham H. Maslow, “How We Diminish Ourselves,” The Journal of Humanistic Education and Development 29, no. 3 (March 1, 1991): 117–20.</ref>
Alignment needs are your needs to be in alignment/agreement with your own ethics, values, and purpose. In LP terms, this means being in alignment with your Spiritual Ego.
in Humanistic psychology, self-actualization.[27] Presuming the existence of a “soul,” or a spark of Consciousness that exists independent of the physical body, we need to align our bodily ego, our body’s self or Bodily Ego, with this higher level our Self, our Spiritual Ego.
Connection
Connection needs are your needs to be connected, to your family, to your friends, to your work place, and to your own higher self.
- Our biological programmed Need for Connection with family, Spirit, Highest Self, place (land), the ancestors,[28] Pachamama,[29]and God.
- It is not enough to actualize our highest self, we need to go beyond and actually make a strong connection with this inner Self.
- This is a common desideratum of human spiritual systems. In Transpersonal Psychology, transcendence; in Christianity, Islamic, salvation; in Buddhism, enlightenment; etc.) In Transpersonal Psychology, this is known as transcendence; in Christianity and Islamic traditions, this is known as salvation, “Entering the Kingdom,” etc. in Buddhism and Easter traditions, enlightenment). In Sociology, this notion is expressed in a Christian form in Troelstech’s conception of mysticism as the “perfection of the spiritual life” and “unity with the divine” (Steeman, 1975). Evelyn Underhill points directly to this need when she says that we have an “innate tendency...towards complete harmony with the transcendental order, whatever the theological formula under which that order is understood” (Underhill, 2002). Jung referred to this as the experience of the numinosum (Jung, 1938, p. 6).
In Vedanta, this is the highest need, the most " outstanding urge in people is the search after the abiding spirit or God. There is an inherent desire in every man to experience the abiding spirit, and until he reaches that goal there is no hope for real peace of mind."[30] Satisfaction of one's essential needs leads to wellbeing, physical, mental, and emotional health, creativity, and Eudaimonia.[31]
Need for Connection with Spiritual Ego
Our final need, our core essential need, is a deep and abiding need for connection between your bodily ego and spiritual ego. As always, this essential need for connection is biologically programmed by evolutionary processes for several reasons, most important of which, as outlined in Lightning Rod on the Positive Outcomes of Connection, is that being connected makes you smarter, more capable, healthier, happier, and more adaptable than you would be without connection, thereby increasing your chances of surviving and living a happy and fulfilling life. Basically, the spiritual ego is a better, more powerful, more capable version of your body ego. If you want the most out of life, you definitely want to connect the two.
In the literature
George Simmel speaks of " religiousness as an inner state or need of man..."[32]
Underhill says "Broadly speaking, I understand it to be the expression of the innate tendency of the human spirit towards complete harmony with the transcendental order; whatever be the theological formula under which that order is understood."[33]
Einstein says... "There is a mystical drive in man to learn about his own existence...the dignity of man depends not on his membership in a church, but on his scrutinizing mind, his confidence in his intellect, his figuring things out for himself, and above all his respect for the laws of creation" (Hermanns, 1983: np)
Grof says "spiritual search [i.e., search for connection] appears to be an understandable and legitimate human activity." [34] Further, "The deepest motivating force in the human psyche on all the levels of our development is the craving to return to the experience of our divinity"[35]
The satisfaction of the seventh essential need - connection. "Only the experience of one's divinity in a non-ordinary state of consciousness can ever fulfill our deepest needs"[36]
Grof also notes that "Full satisfaction comes ultimately from the experience of...our own divinity, not the pursuit of material goals of any scope or kind [37].
"It is now becoming increasingly evident that a craving for transcendence and a need for inner development are basic and normal aspects of human nature." (alignment and connection) [38]
Huxley (PP) notes that Totalitarian regimes exploit humanity's need for "unity" (read Connection) by "by means of a philosophy of political monism, according to which the state is God on earth, unification under the heel of the divine state is salvation, and all means to such unification, however intrinsically wicked, are right and may be used without scruple."
St. Teresa of Avila notes speaks of a need for actualization and connection suggesting that is "quenches thirst." "Oh, my Lord, if only one could be plunged so deeply into this living water that one’s life would end! Can that be? Yes: 34 this love and desire for God35 can increase so much that human nature is unable to bear it, and so there have been persons who have died of it."[39]
Sri Swami Sivananda notes that religion (I would say Authentic Religion) a "deep inward craving" (i.e., a need for connection)[40]
Swami Vivekananda speaks of the critical importance of meeting people's needs. Though he did not use that name, intimations of a hierarchy of needs was first proposed by Swami Vivekananda in "The Secret Work" in his book Karma Yoga. [41]
Essential needs are equivalent to "basic needs" in that they represent "an energizing state that, if satisfied, conduces toward health and well-being but, if not satisfied, contributes to pathology and ill-being." [42]
What Happens when Needs are Neglected or Thwarted
Neglect of Physiological Needs
A failure to meet physiological needs leads to a host of sequelae, including
- Physiological Impairments: Long-term deprivation of physiological needs can lead to various health issues. Lack of proper nutrition can cause malnutrition which in turn leads to structural changes and reduced brain volume,[43] a weakened immune system, and increased susceptibility to diseases.[44] Sleep deprivation can increase the risk of conditions such as heart disease, diabetes, obesity, and other chronic health problems.[45] The absence of physical exercise can lead to obesity, heart diseases, and a decreased life expectancy.[46] Constant physical pain can deteriorate overall health and quality of life.[47] Note that physiological deprivations experienced by the mother have negative consequences for the fetus.
- Emotional Impairments: Long-term deprivation of physiological needs can lead to emotional stress, anxiety, and depression, primarily due to feelings of vulnerability and an incessant state of fear and anxiety over meeting basic needs.[48] Chronic stress and anxiety can in turn lead to additional mental health impairments.[49]
- Cognitive Impairments: Chronic malnutrition, particularly during the "brain growth spurt," can impact cognitive development and function, causing deficits in memory, attention, and cognitive flexibility.[50] Lack of sleep can significantly affect cognitive functions such as attention, memory, decision-making and problem-solving abilities.[51] Finally, the constant worry about meeting basic needs can distract from cognitive tasks, reducing productivity and learning capacity.[52]
Psychological Needs
A failure to meet psychological needs can result in various physiological, emotional, cognitive, and ego impariments.
- Ego Impairments:
- Depression and Anxiety Disorders: These often occur when individuals are unable to meet their needs for self-esteem and competence. Feeling unworthy, incompetent, or unloved can lead to a persistent feeling of sadness, hopelessness, or excessive worry. Both depression and anxiety disorders are known to have a strong association with low self-esteem and self-worth.[53]
- Personality Disorders: Particularly, narcissistic personality disorder (NPD) may arise from an inflated sense of self-worth and a desperate need for validation, while borderline personality disorder (BPD) might occur when an individual feels chronically invalidated and struggles with self-image and fear of abandonment.[54][55]
- Eating Disorders: Unmet needs for self-esteem and competence can contribute to the development of eating disorders such as anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa. These disorders often stem from a distorted body image and an extreme desire for control.[56]
- Substance Use Disorders: These disorders may occur when individuals use substances as a coping mechanism to deal with feelings of low self-esteem, powerlessness, or lack of freedom. Substance use disorders are closely linked to poor mental health and unmet psychological needs.[57]
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Footnotes
- ↑ Sosteric and Ratkovic. “Seven Essential Needs,” 2018. https://www.academia.edu/38114100/The_Seven_Essential_Needs.
- ↑ Also see Ratkovic, Gina and Sosteric, MIke. “It Takes a Village: Advancing Attachment Theory and Recovering the Roots of Human Health with the Seven Essential Needs.” Aotearoa New Zealand Social Work, 2022. https://www.academia.edu/61410417
- ↑ Ryan, Richard M., and Edward L. Deci. “The Darker and Brighter Sides of Human Existence: Basic Psychological Needs as a Unifying Concept.” Psychological Inquiry 11, no. 4 (October 1, 2000): 319–38. https://doi.org/10.1207/S15327965PLI1104_03</ref>
- ↑ "But poverty, though it does not prevent the generation, is extremely unfavourable to the rearing of children. The tender plant is produced, but in so cold a soil and so severe a climate, soon withers and dies. " Smith, Adam. The Wealth of Nations - An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations. Bantam Classics, 2003.
- ↑ Grof, Stanislav. When the Impossible Happens. Boulder, CO: Sounds True, 2006.
- ↑ Layton, Deborah. Seductive Poison. New York: Anchor Books, 2010. https://amzn.to/2wxOse4.
- ↑ "the most important characteristics of psychological health was simply the ability to perceive clearly-that is, to see the truth, to penetrate falsehood, phoniness, hypocrisy, and so on." Maslow, Abraham. “Eupsychia—The Good Society.” Journal of Humanistic Psychology 1, no. 2 (1961): p. 3.
- ↑ Habermas's provides a similar conception for cognitive needs in Cognitive Interests Scott, John P. “Critical Social Theory: An Introduction and Critique.” The British Journal of Sociology 29, no. 1 (1978): 1. https://doi.org/10.2307/589216. p. 2
- ↑ Scott, John P. “Critical Social Theory: An Introduction and Critique.” The British Journal of Sociology 29, no. 1 (1978): 1. https://doi.org/10.2307/589216. p. 2
- ↑ Thanks to Egle for pointing out the centrality of freedom and its relevance as an essential need. Note also that Abraham Maslow related power to self-esteem and self-respect in Maslow, Abraham. “Eupsychia—The Good Society.” Journal of Humanistic Psychology 1, no. 2 (1961): 1. p. 2.
- ↑ Edward L Deci and Richard M Ryan, Intrinsic Motivation and Self-Determination in Human Behaviour (New York: Springer Science, 1985).
- ↑ A Bandura, “Human Agency in Social-Cognition Theory,” American Psychologist 44 (1989): 1175–84
- ↑ A. H. Maslow, Towards a Psychology of Being (2nd Edition) (New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold Company, 1968)
- ↑ Carl Rogers, Freedom to Learn (Columbus, Ohio: Merrill, 1969)
- ↑ C. Rogers, A Way of Being. (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin, 1980); R White, Ego and Reality in Psychoanalytic Theory, vol. Psychological Issues Series, Monograph No. 11. (New York: International Universities Press, 1963).
- ↑ R. M. Ryan and E. L. Deci, “Self-Determination Theory and the Facilitation of Intrinsic Motivation, Social Development, and Well-Being,” American Psychologist, 2000
- ↑ R. M. Ryan and E. L. Deci, “Self-Determination Theory and the Facilitation of Intrinsic Motivation, Social Development, and Well-Being,” American Psychologist, 2000. p. 68.
- ↑ Sheldon, K. M., Ryan, R., & Reis, H. T. (1996, January 1). What Makes for a Good Day? Competence and Autonomy in the Day and in the Person. PERSONALITY AND SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY BULLETIN, 22(12), 1270–1279. British Library Document Supply Centre Inside Serials & Conference Proceedings
- ↑ Sheldon, K. M., Ryan, R., & Reis, H. T. (1996, January 1). What Makes for a Good Day? Competence and Autonomy in the Day and in the Person. PERSONALITY AND SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY BULLETIN, 22(12), 1270–1279. British Library Document Supply Centre Inside Serials & Conference Proceedings
- ↑ Akhilananda, Swami. Hindu Psychology: Its Meaning in the West. Routledge, 1948. p. 80
- ↑ Ryan, R. M., and E. L. Deci. “Self-Determination Theory and the Facilitation of Intrinsic Motivation, Social Development, and Well-Being.” American Psychologist, 2000.
- ↑ Ryan, Richard M, and Edward L Deci. Self-Determination Theory: Basic Psychological Needs in Motivation, Development, and Wellness. New York: The Guilford Press, 2017. p. 402.
- ↑ Expression is identified as an emotional need in Akhilananda, Swami. Hindu Psychology: Its Meaning in the West. Routledge, 1948.
- ↑ Ryan, Richard M, and Edward L Deci. Self-Determination Theory: Basic Psychological Needs in Motivation, Development, and Wellness. New York: The Guilford Press, 2017
- ↑ Vivekananda, Swami. “Karma Yoga.” Collected Works of Swami Vivekananda. Vol. 1. 9 vols. Advaita Ashrama, 2016. https://www.holybooks.com/wp-content/uploads/SWAMI-VIVEKANANDA-COMPLETE-WORKS-Vol-1.pdf
- ↑ Sosteric, Mike, and Gina Ratkovic. “Toxic Socialization,” 2016. https://www.academia.edu/25275338/Toxic_Socialization
- ↑ The term self-actualization, originally coined by Kurt Goldstein, was picked up by Abraham Maslow. For Maslow, the need for self-actualization is the need to be creative, to express one’s essence and desire, and to do what one is “fitted for.” As he says, “A musician must make music, an artist must paint, a poet must write, if he is to be ultimately happy. What a man [sic] can be, he must be. This need we may call self-actualization” (Maslow, 1943, pp. 382). This is all true, but in LP psychology we would understand self-actualization as actualization/expression of Self, with a capital "S".
- ↑ Lucana, Sonia, and John Elfers. “Sacred Medicine: Indigenous Healing and Mental Health.” The Qualitative Report 25, no. 12 (December 1, 2020): 4482
- ↑ Lucana, Sonia, and John Elfers. “Sacred Medicine: Indigenous Healing and Mental Health.” The Qualitative Report 25, no. 12 (December 1, 2020): 4482.
- ↑ Akhilananda, Swami. Hindu Psychology: Its Meaning in the West. Routledge, 1948. p. 51-2.
- ↑ Ryan, Richard M., and Edward L. Deci. “The Darker and Brighter Sides of Human Existence: Basic Psychological Needs as a Unifying Concept.” Psychological Inquiry 11, no. 4 (October 1, 2000): 319–38. https://doi.org/10.1207/S15327965PLI1104_03
- ↑ Simmel, George. Essays on Religion. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1997. p. 3.
- ↑ Underhill, Evelyn. Mysticism: A Study in the Nature and Development of Spiritual Consciousness. New York: Dover Publications, 2002. https://amzn.to/2C91xNY.
- ↑ Grof, Stanislav. Technologies of the Sacred Part Two.” The International Journal of Humanities and Peace 15, no. 1 (1999): 93–96. p. 93.
- ↑ Grof, S. (1999). Technologies of the Sacred—Part Two. The International Journal of Humanities and Peace, 15(1), 93–96. p.96 https://www.lightningpath.org/readings/Technologies_of_the_sacred_II.pdf
- ↑ Laszlo, Ervin, Stanislav Grof, and Peter Russell. The Consciousness Revolution. Las Vegas: Elf Rock Productions, 1999. https://amzn.to/2TlOCmC. p. 67.
- ↑ Laszlo, Ervin, Stanislav Grof, and Peter Russell. The Consciousness Revolution. Las Vegas: Elf Rock Productions, 1999. https://amzn.to/2TlOCmC. p. 8.
- ↑ Grof, Christina, and Stanislav Grof. The Stormy Search for the Self: A Guide to Personal Growth Through Transformational Crises. Penguin, 1990. https://amzn.to/2UtkgP1. p. 31.
- ↑ St. Teresa of Avila. The Way of Perfection. New York: Dover Publications, 2012. https://amzn.to/2Id75es.
- ↑ Sivananda, Sri Swami. All About Hinduism. Uttar Predesh, Humalayas, India: Divine Life Trust, 1999. https://www.academia.edu/32682910
- ↑ Vivekananda, Swami. "The Secret of Work." Collected Works of Swami Vivekananda. Vol. 5. 9 vols. Advaita Ashrama, 2016. https://www.holybooks.com/wp-content/uploads/SWAMI-VIVEKANANDA-COMPLETE-WORKS-Vol-1.pdf
- ↑ Ryan, R. M., and E. L. Deci. “Self-Determination Theory and the Facilitation of Intrinsic Motivation, Social Development, and Well-Being.” American Psychologist, 2000. p. 74.
- ↑ Isaacson, R. L. (1974). The effect of malnutrition on the developing brain. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 27(6), 667–676
- ↑ Ann M. Prendergast, and Eleanor M. Riley, "Immune Mechanisms in Malaria: New Insights in Vaccine Development," Nature Medicine 19, no. 2 (2013): 168.10.1038/nm.3083
- ↑ Kristen L. Knutson, and Eve Van Cauter, "Associations Between Sleep Loss and Increased Risk of Obesity and Diabetes," Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 1129, no. 1 (2008): 287-304. 10.1196/annals.1417.033
- ↑ Steven N. Blair, and William L. Haskell, "Objectively Measured Physical Activity and Mortality in Older Adults," JAMA 296, no. 2 (2006): 216-218. 10.1249/MSS.0b013e31828b076a
- ↑ Abraham H. Maslow, "A Theory of Human Motivation," Psychological Review 50, no. 4 (1943): 370.
- ↑ Mary C. Sutter, "Fear, Anxiety and Worry," Psychiatry 3, no. 2 (2004): 45-48.
- ↑ Mark L. Hatzenbuehler, "How Does Sexual Minority Stigma "Get Under the Skin"? A Psychological Mediation Framework," Psychological Bulletin 135, no. 5 (2009): 707. 10.1037/a0016441
- ↑ Lynne Georgiadis, Alan Jackson, and Lucy Eaton, "Undernutrition and Cognitive Function in School-Aged Children: A Systematic Review," BMJ Open 10, no. 5 (2020): e035378. 10.1136/bmjopen-2019-035378
- ↑ Hans P.A. Van Dongen, Greg Maislin, Janet M. Mullington, and David F. Dinges, "The Cumulative Cost of Additional Wakefulness: Dose-Response Effects on Neurobehavioral Functions and Sleep Physiology From Chronic Sleep Restriction and Total Sleep Deprivation," Sleep 26, no. 2 (2003): 117-26.
- ↑ Rachel T. Kimbro, Jeanne Brooks-Gunn, and Sara McLanahan, "Young Children in Urban Areas: Links Among Neighborhood Characteristics, Weight Status, Outdoor Play, and Television-Watching," Social Science & Medicine 72, no. 5 (2011): 668-76.
- ↑ Ulrich Orth, Richard W. Robins, and Laurenz L. Meier, "Disentangling the Effects of Low Self-Esteem and Stressful Events on Depression: Findings from Three Longitudinal Studies," Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 97, no. 2 (2009): 307. 10.1037/a0015645
- ↑ Elsa Ronningstam, "Narcissistic Personality Disorder: A Clinical Perspective," Journal of Psychiatric Practice 17, no. 2 (2011): 89-99. 10.1097/01.pra.0000396066.52803.aa
- ↑ Marsha M. Linehan, Cognitive-Behavioral Treatment of Borderline Personality Disorder (New York: Guilford Press, 1993).
- ↑ Christopher G. Fairburn, Zafra Cooper, and Roz Shafran, "Cognitive Behaviour Therapy for Eating Disorders: A 'Transdiagnostic' Theory and Treatment," Behaviour Research and Therapy 41, no. 5 (2003): 509-528. 10.1016/s0005-7967(02)00088
- ↑ Edward J. Khantzian, "The Self-Medication Hypothesis of Substance Use Disorders: A Reconsideration and Recent Applications," Harvard Review of Psychiatry 4, no. 5 (1997): 231-244. 10.3109/10673229709030550