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The '''Yijing''' (易經; a.k.a. ''I Ching'', ''Zhouyi'', "Book of Changes") is the oldest layer of China's classical literature: a Zhou-dynasty (c. 1046–256 BCE) divination manual assembled by learned diviners in the early Zhou period, built on sixty-four six-line figures (hexagrams) of broken (yin) and unbroken (yang) lines, and later overlaid with the "Ten Wings" of commentary (late Warring States to Qin–Han).<ref>Yao, Xinzhong. ''An Introduction to Confucianism.'' Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000. pp. 57–58.</ref> One of the Five/Six Classics of the Confucian canon and a foundational text of [[Daoism|Daoist]] cosmology and alchemy alike, it is the shared symbolic matrix of Chinese civilization — the system of yin-yang, the eight trigrams, and the sixty-four hexagrams through which the patterns and tendencies of change itself were read. In LP terms, the Yijing is an [[Archetype System]]: a structured symbolic matrix encoding a cosmology of perpetual, patterned change, usable in practice as a [[Connection Appliance]].<ref>Kohn, Livia. ''Introducing Daoism.'' New York: Routledge, 2009. "Background to Daoism: The Yijing"; Miller, James. ''Daoism: A Beginner's Guide.'' Oxford: Oneworld, 2008. ch. "Way."</ref>
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== Concept Map ==

===Key Terms===

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===List of Human Development Frameworks===

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===Key Texts===

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==Notes==

===Texts and Translations===

'''James Legge translation (1891, Sacred Books of the East vol. 39)''' — the classic Victorian rendering, public domain:
* [https://sacred-texts.com/tao/taote.htm Internet Sacred Text Archive] — clean chapter-by-chapter web text, the easiest version to read and quote online.
* [https://sacred-texts.com/tao/sbe39/sbe39000.htm Internet Sacred Text Archive, full SBE vol. 39 (''Texts of Taoism'', Part I)] — the complete 1891 volume with Legge's extensive introduction, footnotes, and his translation of the ''Zhuangzi'' (books I–XVII).
* [https://archive.org/details/laozi_tao-te-ching Internet Archive] — the Standard Ebooks edition of Legge (CC0), available as EPUB and PDF for offline reading.

'''Other translations'''
* [https://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/49965/pg49965-images.html Bruce R. Linnell translation] (2015) — the most literal and careful, with extensive notes. The author avoids, as much as possible, imposing his own system of belief. Also includes a brief account of the debates about authorship and the multiple manuscript versions.<ref>Laozi, ''Dao De Jing,'' trans. Bruce R. Linnell, 2015. Project Gutenberg. https://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/49965/pg49965-images.html.</ref>

===Composition and Textual History===

The book has two layers. The older ''text'' (jing) — the hexagram figures, names, judgments, and line statements — was "produced over a long period... collected together to become a more or less recognised manual by an unknown number of learned diviners, probably during the early period of the Zhou Dynasty."<ref name="yao">Yao, ''An Introduction to Confucianism,'' pp. 57–58.</ref> Excavated oracle bones and ceramics display ''numerical'' hexagrams (e.g., 757666, 176786), showing that the yin–yang line system crystallized gradually out of older odd/even numeral divination; the Mawangdui silk manuscript of the ''Zhouyi'' (early 2nd century BCE) still presents the lines in numeral-like forms and arranges the hexagrams in a different order.<ref name="yao"/> The second layer, the '''Ten Wings''' (commentaries), was traditionally credited to Confucius — legend says he wore out the leather bindings of his copy three times — but modern scholarship dates them to the end of the Warring States period or even the Qin–Han, while allowing that some elements descend from Confucius's school.<ref name="yao"/> The traditional attributions of the trigrams to the mythical ruler Fu Xi, the judgments to King Wen, and the line statements to the Duke of Zhou are likewise legendary. By the early Han there were four competing schools of Changes interpretation; the book famously escaped the Qin burning of the books in 213 BCE precisely because it was classed as a manual of divination.<ref>Yao, ''An Introduction to Confucianism,'' pp. 51–52, 57.</ref>

===Structure and Key Concepts===

'''Yi — change (and "easy").''' "Yi means 'change'; hence yi jing the Book of Changes. Yi also refers to 'easy', which indicates the nature of the book, a handbook for divination and for understanding the world."<ref name="yao"/>

'''Lines, trigrams, hexagrams.''' The system rests on yin and yang, symbolized by broken and unbroken lines. Combined three at a time, these yield the '''eight trigrams (bagua)''' — Heaven (qian), Earth (kun), Fire (li), Water (kan), Wind (sun), Lake (dui), Thunder (zhen), Mountain (gen) — which remain in daily use across Chinese culture (fengshui, protective mirrors, calendrics). Combined two by two, the trigrams yield the '''sixty-four hexagrams''' that form the body of the book.<ref name="kohn-yj">Kohn, ''Introducing Daoism,'' "Background to Daoism: The Yijing."</ref>

'''Judgments and images.''' Each hexagram carries an explanation of the image, a judgment, an explanation of the judgment, and a fortune for each individual line. The advice is general, "often couched in rather ambiguous and vague terms," reflecting Zhou-dynasty life, "where family relations were important, travel and communication were hard, the key relationship was with the lord or great man, and inner sincerity was valued highly." Example, Hexagram 5, ''xu'' ("waiting"), Water over Heaven: "Clouds rise up to the Heaven, the image of waiting. Thus the superior man eats and drinks, is joyous and of good cheer... Waiting. If you are sincere, you have light and success. Perseverance brings good fortune; it furthers one to cross the great water." (Wilhelm)<ref name="kohn-yj"/>

'''Divination methods.''' Two methods generate a reading. The traditional method manipulates fifty milfoil (yarrow) stalks — one set aside, the remaining forty-nine divided and counted off — to yield strong/weak yin or yang lines, built bottom to top; the popular method tosses three coins (heads = yang = 3, tails = yin = 2), the totals 6–9 mapping to strong yin, weak yang, weak yin, strong yang. "Moving" (strong) lines then transform into their opposites, yielding further hexagrams that indicate the development of the situation over time.<ref name="kohn-yj"/>

'''Former Heaven and Later Heaven.''' Daoist cosmology arranges the trigrams in two patterns laid out on a geographical grid: the pre-creation state of "Former Heaven" (xiantian) and the post-creation forces of "Later Heaven" (houtian) — states also applied to the human body as pre- and post-natal. The mythic narrative is one of primordial union (Heaven due south, Earth due north) followed by movement, exchange, and rotation into the world-as-known.<ref name="kohn-yj"/>

'''Cosmogony and change.''' The trigram scheme underwrites a general Chinese cosmogony — Nonbeing → pure yang → yin-yang → the four combinations → the eight trigrams — "a gradual evolution and complexification away from a primordial purity and simplicity." The alchemical goal is the reverse: reversion (fan) back up the chain to the purest form — structurally identical to the [[Daode jing]]'s doctrine of return to the nameless source.<ref>Miller, ''Daoism: A Beginner's Guide,'' ch. "Alchemy."</ref>

===Role in Confucianism and Daoism===

'''Confucianism.''' Counted among the Five/Six Classics that defined the ru (Confucian scholars), the book was read through the Ten Wings as a treasury of metaphysics and moral instruction. The ''Shiji'' sums up the political reading of the classics: "The Book of Changes reveals supernatural influence." Mastery of its interpretation was a matter of state; competing schools of Changes rose and fell with dynastic patronage.<ref>Yao, ''An Introduction to Confucianism,'' pp. 16, 51–52.</ref>

'''Daoism.''' "Daoists as much as other Chinese literati have used the Yijing for millennia to give guidance and to support them in their decision making." Beyond divination, Daoists integrated the trigrams and hexagrams into cosmological speculation and alchemy: twelve sovereign hexagrams chart the waxing of yang between the winter and summer solstices and its waning back toward winter, patterning seasonal change to fix the optimal conditions "for the concoction of an elixir or the growth of the immortal embryo."<ref name="kohn-yj"/>

===Lightning Path Contextualization===

* '''An archetype system of change.''' In LP terms, the Yijing is an [[Archetype System]] — sixty-four interrelated archetypal situations (difficulty, waiting, breakthrough, decay, return) with positioning statements and a narrative logic, encoding the metaphysical assumptions of its [[Creative Framework]]: that change is constant but patterned, that yin and yang are complementary, and that the wise person aligns with the tendencies of the moment. It functioned for three millennia as a core component of the Chinese [[Creation Template]].
* '''A connection appliance.''' As a divination instrument, the Yijing is readable as a [[Connection Appliance]]: a structured procedure for eliciting [[Intramonadic Communication]] through [[Synchronicity]] — precisely the principle Jung articulated in his foreword to the Wilhelm translation. The querent brings a question, the randomized procedure (stalks or coins) generates a symbolically rich response, and meaning emerges at the intersection of situation, symbol, and intuition.
* '''Emanation and return.''' Its cosmogony (Nonbeing → pure yang → yin–yang → trigrams → ten thousand things) parallels the [[Unfolding of Creation]] described in any [[Book of Emanation]], and its alchemical doctrine of reversion (fan) is a technology of return to [[Undifferentiated Consciousness|undifferentiated source]].
* '''Cautions.''' The judgments are deliberately "ambiguous and vague," which is what makes the book flexible — and what makes it an easy surface for projection by the disconnected [[Bodily Ego]]. As with any archetype deck or oracle, LP discernment applies: the appliance supports [[Connection Practice]]; it is not a substitute for it. Note also the book's deep historical entanglement with elite statecraft — interpretations rose and fell with dynastic politics — an [[Old Energy]] usage in tension with its connection function.

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[[Is a key text::Daoism| ]]
[[Is a related term::Confucianism| ]]
[[Is an::Archetype System| ]]