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<blockquote class="definition">Ninian Smart (1927-2001) was a pioneering scholar in the field of religious studies. He significantly contributed to the comparative and phenomenological study of religion, developing frameworks that have become foundational in the academic study of religion. Smart's work is notable for its comprehensive and inclusive approach, emphasizing the importance of understanding religion in a global and multicultural context.</blockquote>

==Smart's Concepts==

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==Notes==

=== Academic Contributions === 

Smart's contributions to the study of religion are vast, but some of his most notable achievements include:

==== Seven Dimensions of Religion: ==== 

Smart developed the concept of the seven dimensions of religion, a framework used to analyze and compare religious traditions comprehensively.<Ref>Ninian Smart, ''The World’s Religions'' (Cambridge, MA: Cambridge University Press, 1992), https://archive.org/details/worldsreligions0000smar_v9j6.</ref> These dimensions are:

* Ritual/Practical: Activities and practices such as rituals, worship, and ceremonies.
* Experiential/Emotional: Personal religious experiences and feelings.
* Narrative/Mythic: Sacred stories and myths that convey important truths.
* Doctrinal/Philosophical: Beliefs and doctrines that provide a systematic account of religious teachings.
* Ethical/Legal: Moral guidelines and laws that govern behavior.
* Social/Institutional: Organizational structures and communal aspects of religion.
* Material: Physical objects and places associated with religious practice.

==== Phenomenology of Religion:====

Smart emphasized the importance of studying religion phenomenologically, which means understanding religious phenomena from the perspective of the practitioners themselves. This approach requires empathy and openness, striving to understand the internal logic and experience of religious beliefs and practices without imposing external judgments.

==== Interfaith and Multicultural Understanding====

Throughout his career, Smart advocated for the importance of interfaith dialogue and the appreciation of religious diversity. He believed that understanding different religious traditions was crucial for fostering global peace and mutual respect.

==== Influence on the Lightning Path====

Smart's framework of the seven dimensions of religion has influenced the Lightning Path (LP) in several ways:

=====Comprehensive Framework=====

The LP adopts a comprehensive approach to understanding religion, similar to Smart's seven dimensions. This framework helps analyze how religions meet various human needs, from ritual practices to ethical guidance and communal structures.

=====Emphasis on Healing=====

While Smart's dimensions provide a robust framework, the LP adds an emphasis on healing as a crucial substantive component of religion.<ref>Mike Sosteric, ''What Is Religion'' 2022, https://www.academia.edu/80934448/What_is_Religion</ref> This addition aligns with the LP's focus on personal and societal transformation through spiritual practices, and integrates well with the empirical reality that all [[Authentic Religion]]s contain a healing component (e.g., both Buddha and Christ were concerned with the health and well being of individuals).

===Critiques and Differences===

While Smart's work is foundational, the LP critiques traditional religious studies, including some of Smart's frameworks, for not fully addressing the power dynamics and social control aspects of religion. The LP emphasizes that religion often serves as an [[Ideological Institution]] used by the [[Accumulating Class]] to maintain their [[Regime of Accumulation]].

=== Conclusion=== 

Ninian Smart's contributions to religious studies have provided valuable tools for understanding and analyzing religious phenomena. His inclusive and comprehensive approach aligns with the LP's goals of fostering a deeper understanding of spirituality and its role in human development. However, the LP builds on Smart's work by adding a focus on healing and addressing the power dynamics inherent in religious institutions.

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