Zoroastrianism - Revision history

Michael at 13:54, 14 March 2026

2026-03-14T13:54:02Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 13:54, 14 March 2026
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	===Terms===		===Terms===

	[[Zoroastrianism]] > {{#ask:[[Is a term::Zoroastrianism]]}}		[[Zoroastrianism]] > {{#ask:[[Is a term::Zoroastrianism]]\|format=ul}}

	==Notes==		==Notes==
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	<nowiki>*</nowiki> Zoroaster's original teachings are, technically, unknown and have to be reconstructed. As Boyce notes, "The Zoroastrian priests were long reluctant to use the alien art of writing to record their sacred texts, and no religious works exist whose written form can be attributed to earlier than the 3rd century A. C." <ref>Boyce, Mary. A History of Zoroastrianism: Volume One The Early Period. New York: E. J. Brill, 1996. p.xii </ref> In addition, there is "no continuity of scriptural exegesis." <ref>Boyce, Mary. A History of Zoroastrianism: Volume One The Early Period. New York: E. J. Brill, 1996. p.21 </ref>		<nowiki>*</nowiki> Zoroaster's original teachings are, technically, unknown and have to be reconstructed. As Boyce notes, "The Zoroastrian priests were long reluctant to use the alien art of writing to record their sacred texts, and no religious works exist whose written form can be attributed to earlier than the 3rd century A. C." <ref>Boyce, Mary. A History of Zoroastrianism: Volume One The Early Period. New York: E. J. Brill, 1996. p.xii </ref> In addition, there is "no continuity of scriptural exegesis." <ref>Boyce, Mary. A History of Zoroastrianism: Volume One The Early Period. New York: E. J. Brill, 1996. p.21 </ref>

	Zoroastrianism exalts a benevolent deity of wisdom, Ahura Mazda (Wise Lord), as its supreme being.		=== Early Zoroastrianism ===
			Early Zoroastrianism was a complex framework of ???? that contained ?? Notes<blockquote>Two Old Avestan formulas preserved alongside the Gathas—Ašəm Vohū and Yaϑā Ahū Vairiō (Yasna 27.13–14)—are particularly revealing. These are among the very few mantras that remain in the same archaic dialect as the Gathic hymns themselves. Their function is not devotional praise. They establish constraints.
			The first centers on aša, which in Old Avestan refers to correctness or truth—alignment with reality itself. It is not primarily a moral category but an epistemic one.

			The second formula then addresses governance. Judgment must be measured from what is true, and legitimate authority belongs only to the one who exercises that judgment responsibly toward the most vulnerable members of the community.

			Taken together, the structure is quite explicit:

			# Truth (aša) — reality must be described correctly.
			# Authority (ahū / xšaϑra) — power is legitimate only insofar as it derives from truth.
			# Ethics — moral action becomes meaningful only after those two conditions are satisfied.
			</blockquote>

			=== Mythological Structure ===
			Zoroastrianism exalts a benevolent deity of wisdom, Ahura Mazda (Wise Lord), as its supreme being.

	Zoroastrianism instantiated the [[Zoroastrian Binary]] between good and evil. Prior to this, the pagan spiritualities in the region did believe in "demons," but these were mischievous and entities set on causing harm, and not examples of existential/binary evil. <ref>Boyce, Mary. A History of Zoroastrianism: Volume One The Early Period. New York: E. J. Brill, 1996.</ref>		Zoroastrianism instantiated the [[Zoroastrian Binary]] between good and evil. Prior to this, the pagan spiritualities in the region did believe in "demons," but these were mischievous and entities set on causing harm, and not examples of existential/binary evil. <ref>Boyce, Mary. A History of Zoroastrianism: Volume One The Early Period. New York: E. J. Brill, 1996.</ref>
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	Zoroaster invented cosmic evil. Prior to Zoroaster, evil more of a nuisance..."the pagan Iranians, like the Indians of old, felt their world to be inhabited by innumerable lesser spirits, some kindly but many malignant. Some of these evil powers sought to enter a man's body and harm him directly. Others lurked about his homestead and fields, ready to make him stumble and fall, or to harm his cattle or blight his crops; and beyond, the untamed forest and plain were full of menace. 1 Evil threatened everywhere, but could be warded off by proper precautions, such as banning formulas or propitiatory gifts; and some men were held to have acquired power over these dark forces, to compel them to serve their own ends" <ref>Boyce, Mary. A History of Zoroastrianism: Volume One The Early Period. New York: E. J. Brill, 1996.p.85. </ref> After Zoroaster, Angra Mainyu became representative of a cosmic evil in a struggle between good and evil.		Zoroaster invented cosmic evil. Prior to Zoroaster, evil more of a nuisance..."the pagan Iranians, like the Indians of old, felt their world to be inhabited by innumerable lesser spirits, some kindly but many malignant. Some of these evil powers sought to enter a man's body and harm him directly. Others lurked about his homestead and fields, ready to make him stumble and fall, or to harm his cattle or blight his crops; and beyond, the untamed forest and plain were full of menace. 1 Evil threatened everywhere, but could be warded off by proper precautions, such as banning formulas or propitiatory gifts; and some men were held to have acquired power over these dark forces, to compel them to serve their own ends" <ref>Boyce, Mary. A History of Zoroastrianism: Volume One The Early Period. New York: E. J. Brill, 1996.p.85. </ref> After Zoroaster, Angra Mainyu became representative of a cosmic evil in a struggle between good and evil.

	~~Same insertion judgment justification for punishment.~~Boyce notes the shift from previous beliefs when she says that Zoroaster takes an earlier less moralistic pagan belief in the transition between death and life makes it into a robust process of judgment based on ethical achievements (Boyce, 2001: 27)		Boyce notes the shift from previous beliefs when she says that Zoroaster takes an earlier less moralistic pagan belief in the transition between death and life makes it into a robust process of judgment based on ethical achievements (Boyce, 2001: 27)

	Another insertion, competition instead of cooperation. Shift change whereas before Zoroaster, cosmic cooperation was seen as necessary to “Maintain the world according to asha” 1 (Boyce, 2001: 26), after Zoroaster, “perfection” would be attained, but only by passing through several thousand years of cosmic conflict. Fitted empire building activities civilization		Another insertion, competition instead of cooperation. Shift change whereas before Zoroaster, cosmic cooperation was seen as necessary to “Maintain the world according to asha” 1 (Boyce, 2001: 26), after Zoroaster, “perfection” would be attained, but only by passing through several thousand years of cosmic conflict. Fitted empire building activities civilization
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	For more see Chapter Three, Boyce's History Volume 1.		For more see Chapter Three, Boyce's History Volume 1.

	===== Influence =====		=== Influence ===

	* Zoroastrianism has had a major influence on the cosmology and theodicy of Jewish, Christina, and Islamic religions.<ref>Wach, Joachim. ''Sociology of Religion''. Routledge Library Editions, Volume 16. New York: Routledge, 2019. Also Boyce, Mary. ''A History of Zoroastrianism: Volume One The Early Period''. New York: E. J. Brill, 1996. Messadie, Gerald. ''A History of the Devil''. New York: Kodansha, 1996.</ref> See my paper "From Zoroaster to Star Wars, Jesus to Marx: The Art, Science, and Technology of Human Manipulation."<ref>Sosteric, Mike. “From Zoroaster to Star Wars, Jesus to Marx: The Art, Science, and Technology of Human Manipulation,” Unpublished. <nowiki>https://www.academia.edu/345046</nowiki></ref>		* Zoroastrianism has had a major influence on the cosmology and theodicy of Jewish, Christina, and Islamic religions.<ref>Wach, Joachim. ''Sociology of Religion''. Routledge Library Editions, Volume 16. New York: Routledge, 2019. Also Boyce, Mary. ''A History of Zoroastrianism: Volume One The Early Period''. New York: E. J. Brill, 1996. Messadie, Gerald. ''A History of the Devil''. New York: Kodansha, 1996.</ref> See my paper "From Zoroaster to Star Wars, Jesus to Marx: The Art, Science, and Technology of Human Manipulation."<ref>Sosteric, Mike. “From Zoroaster to Star Wars, Jesus to Marx: The Art, Science, and Technology of Human Manipulation,” Unpublished. <nowiki>https://www.academia.edu/345046</nowiki></ref>
	* As Wach points out, "This influence can even be detected in modern philosophies of history—in Herder, Kant, Schelling, Baader, Hegel—and in various Russian Christian writers." <ref>Wach, Joachim. ''Sociology of Religion''. Routledge Library Editions, Volume 16. New York: Routledge, 2019.</ref>		* As Wach points out, "This influence can even be detected in modern philosophies of history—in Herder, Kant, Schelling, Baader, Hegel—and in various Russian Christian writers." <ref>Wach, Joachim. ''Sociology of Religion''. Routledge Library Editions, Volume 16. New York: Routledge, 2019.</ref>

Michael at 13:37, 14 March 2026

2026-03-14T13:37:45Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 13:37, 14 March 2026
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	<h1 class="customtitle">{{FULLPAGENAME}}</h1>		<h1 class="customtitle">{{FULLPAGENAME}}</h1>
	<blockquote class="definition">		<blockquote class="definition">
	Zoroastrianism is one of the world's oldest continuously practiced religions. It has a dualistic cosmology of good and evil and an eschatology that predicts the ultimate triumph of good. The religion arises from the mystical ~~utterancces~~ of [[Zarathustra]], later written down by Sassanian priests in the 3rd Iranian empire.		Zoroastrianism is one of the world's oldest continuously practiced religions. It has a dualistic cosmology of good and evil and an eschatology that predicts the ultimate triumph of good. The religion arises from the mystical utterances of [[Zarathustra]], later written down by Sassanian priests in the 3rd Iranian empire.
	</blockquote>		</blockquote>

	==Terms==		==Concept Map==

			===Terms===

	[[Zoroastrianism]] > {{#ask:[[Is a term::Zoroastrianism]]}}		[[Zoroastrianism]] > {{#ask:[[Is a term::Zoroastrianism]]}}

Michael: /* Related Terms */

2022-12-19T15:44:56Z

Related Terms

← Older revision		Revision as of 15:44, 19 December 2022
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	</blockquote>		</blockquote>

	==~~Related~~ Terms==		==Terms==

	[[Zoroastrianism]] > {{#ask:[[Is a ~~related~~ term::Zoroastrianism]]}}		[[Zoroastrianism]] > {{#ask:[[Is a term::Zoroastrianism]]}}

	==Notes==		==Notes==

Michael: /* Influence */

2021-10-31T21:44:56Z

Influence

← Older revision		Revision as of 21:44, 31 October 2021
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	* As Wach points out, "This influence can even be detected in modern philosophies of history—in Herder, Kant, Schelling, Baader, Hegel—and in various Russian Christian writers." <ref>Wach, Joachim. ''Sociology of Religion''. Routledge Library Editions, Volume 16. New York: Routledge, 2019.</ref>		* As Wach points out, "This influence can even be detected in modern philosophies of history—in Herder, Kant, Schelling, Baader, Hegel—and in various Russian Christian writers." <ref>Wach, Joachim. ''Sociology of Religion''. Routledge Library Editions, Volume 16. New York: Routledge, 2019.</ref>
	* Cribbed from Wikimedia: Major features of Zoroastrianism, such as messianism, judgment after death, heaven and hell, and free will may have influenced other religious and philosophical systems, including Second Temple Judaism, Gnosticism, Greek philosophy,<ref> "Greece iii. [http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/greece-iii Persian Influence on Greek Thought]". Encyclopaedia Iranica. Retrieved 2019-07-14.</ref> Christianity, Islam,<ref>Hinnel, J (1997), The Penguin Dictionary of Religion, Penguin Books UK; Boyce, Mary (2001), Zoroastrians: their religious beliefs and practices, Routledge and Kegan Paul Ltd</ref> the Bahá'í Faith, and Buddhism.<ref> Beckwith, Christopher I. (2015). Greek Buddha: Pyrrho's Encounter with Early Buddhism in Central Asia. Princeton University Press. pp. 132–133. ISBN 9781400866328.</ref>		* Cribbed from Wikimedia: Major features of Zoroastrianism, such as messianism, judgment after death, heaven and hell, and free will may have influenced other religious and philosophical systems, including Second Temple Judaism, Gnosticism, Greek philosophy,<ref> "Greece iii. [http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/greece-iii Persian Influence on Greek Thought]". Encyclopaedia Iranica. Retrieved 2019-07-14.</ref> Christianity, Islam,<ref>Hinnel, J (1997), The Penguin Dictionary of Religion, Penguin Books UK; Boyce, Mary (2001), Zoroastrians: their religious beliefs and practices, Routledge and Kegan Paul Ltd</ref> the Bahá'í Faith, and Buddhism.<ref> Beckwith, Christopher I. (2015). Greek Buddha: Pyrrho's Encounter with Early Buddhism in Central Asia. Princeton University Press. pp. 132–133. ISBN 9781400866328.</ref>
			*Zoroastrianism has influenced Hinduism through the modification of [[Madam Blavatsky]] and [[Theosophy]] which introduced a linear, evolutionary concept of karma and <ref>Nanda, Meera. “Madame Blavatsky’s Children,” 2010. <nowiki>https://www.academia.edu/27289493/Madame_Blavatskys_children_pdf</nowiki>.</ref>

	==Related Terms==		==Related Terms==

Michael: /* Notes */

2021-07-10T17:39:08Z

Notes

← Older revision		Revision as of 17:39, 10 July 2021
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	Zoroastrianism emerged out of the mystical experience and prophetic teachings of Zoroaster, who lived no later than about 1000 B.C. <ref>Boyce, Mary. A History of Zoroastrianism: Volume One The Early Period. New York: E. J. Brill, 1996. p.xii </ref>		Zoroastrianism emerged out of the mystical experience and prophetic teachings of Zoroaster, who lived no later than about 1000 B.C. <ref>Boyce, Mary. A History of Zoroastrianism: Volume One The Early Period. New York: E. J. Brill, 1996. p.xii </ref>

	Zoroaster's original teachings are, technically, unknown and have to be reconstructed. As Boyce notes, "The Zoroastrian priests were long reluctant to use the alien art of writing to record their sacred texts, and no religious works exist whose written form can be attributed to earlier than the 3rd century A. C." <ref>Boyce, Mary. A History of Zoroastrianism: Volume One The Early Period. New York: E. J. Brill, 1996. p.xii </ref> In addition, there is "no continuity of scriptural exegesis." <ref>Boyce, Mary. A History of Zoroastrianism: Volume One The Early Period. New York: E. J. Brill, 1996. p.21 </ref>		<nowiki>*</nowiki> Zoroaster's original teachings are, technically, unknown and have to be reconstructed. As Boyce notes, "The Zoroastrian priests were long reluctant to use the alien art of writing to record their sacred texts, and no religious works exist whose written form can be attributed to earlier than the 3rd century A. C." <ref>Boyce, Mary. A History of Zoroastrianism: Volume One The Early Period. New York: E. J. Brill, 1996. p.xii </ref> In addition, there is "no continuity of scriptural exegesis." <ref>Boyce, Mary. A History of Zoroastrianism: Volume One The Early Period. New York: E. J. Brill, 1996. p.21 </ref>

	Zoroastrianism exalts a benevolent deity of wisdom, Ahura Mazda (Wise Lord), as its supreme being.		Zoroastrianism exalts a benevolent deity of wisdom, Ahura Mazda (Wise Lord), as its supreme being.

	Zoroastrianism instantiated the [[Zoroastrian Binary]] between good and evil. Prior to this, the pagan spiritualities in the region did believe in "demons," but these were mischievous and entities set on causing harm, and not examples of existential/binary evil. <ref>Boyce, Mary. A History of Zoroastrianism: Volume One The Early Period. New York: E. J. Brill, 1996.</ref>		Zoroastrianism instantiated the [[Zoroastrian Binary]] between good and evil. Prior to this, the pagan spiritualities in the region did believe in "demons," but these were mischievous and entities set on causing harm, and not examples of existential/binary evil. <ref>Boyce, Mary. A History of Zoroastrianism: Volume One The Early Period. New York: E. J. Brill, 1996.</ref>

	~~<blockquote>~~
	~~Cribbed from Wikimedia:~~

	Major features of Zoroastrianism, such as messianism, judgment after death, heaven and hell, and free will may have influenced other religious and philosophical systems, including Second Temple Judaism, Gnosticism, Greek philosophy,<ref> "Greece iii. [http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/greece-iii Persian Influence on Greek Thought]". Encyclopaedia Iranica. Retrieved 2019-07-14.</ref> Christianity, Islam,<ref>Hinnel, J (1997), The Penguin Dictionary of Religion, Penguin Books UK; Boyce, Mary (2001), Zoroastrians: their religious beliefs and practices, Routledge and Kegan Paul Ltd</ref> the Bahá'í Faith, and Buddhism.<ref> Beckwith, Christopher I. (2015). Greek Buddha: Pyrrho's Encounter with Early Buddhism in Central Asia. Princeton University Press. pp. 132–133. ISBN 9781400866328.</ref>
	~~</blockquote>~~

	Zoroaster invented cosmic evil. Prior to Zoroaster, evil more of a nuisance..."the pagan Iranians, like the Indians of old, felt their world to be inhabited by innumerable lesser spirits, some kindly but many malignant. Some of these evil powers sought to enter a man's body and harm him directly. Others lurked about his homestead and fields, ready to make him stumble and fall, or to harm his cattle or blight his crops; and beyond, the untamed forest and plain were full of menace. 1 Evil threatened everywhere, but could be warded off by proper precautions, such as banning formulas or propitiatory gifts; and some men were held to have acquired power over these dark forces, to compel them to serve their own ends" <ref>Boyce, Mary. A History of Zoroastrianism: Volume One The Early Period. New York: E. J. Brill, 1996.p.85. </ref> After Zoroaster, Angra Mainyu became representative of a cosmic evil in a struggle between good and evil.		Zoroaster invented cosmic evil. Prior to Zoroaster, evil more of a nuisance..."the pagan Iranians, like the Indians of old, felt their world to be inhabited by innumerable lesser spirits, some kindly but many malignant. Some of these evil powers sought to enter a man's body and harm him directly. Others lurked about his homestead and fields, ready to make him stumble and fall, or to harm his cattle or blight his crops; and beyond, the untamed forest and plain were full of menace. 1 Evil threatened everywhere, but could be warded off by proper precautions, such as banning formulas or propitiatory gifts; and some men were held to have acquired power over these dark forces, to compel them to serve their own ends" <ref>Boyce, Mary. A History of Zoroastrianism: Volume One The Early Period. New York: E. J. Brill, 1996.p.85. </ref> After Zoroaster, Angra Mainyu became representative of a cosmic evil in a struggle between good and evil.
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	Same insertion judgment justification for punishment.Boyce notes the shift from previous beliefs when she says that Zoroaster takes an earlier less moralistic pagan belief in the transition between death and life makes it into a robust process of judgment based on ethical achievements (Boyce, 2001: 27)		Same insertion judgment justification for punishment.Boyce notes the shift from previous beliefs when she says that Zoroaster takes an earlier less moralistic pagan belief in the transition between death and life makes it into a robust process of judgment based on ethical achievements (Boyce, 2001: 27)

	Another insertion, competition instead of cooperation. Shift change whereas before Zoroaster, cosmic cooperation was seen as necessary to “Maintain the world according to ~~asha”1~~ (Boyce, 2001: 26), after Zoroaster, “perfection” would be attained, but only by passing through several thousand years of cosmic conflict. Fitted empire building activities civilization		Another insertion, competition instead of cooperation. Shift change whereas before Zoroaster, cosmic cooperation was seen as necessary to “Maintain the world according to asha” 1 (Boyce, 2001: 26), after Zoroaster, “perfection” would be attained, but only by passing through several thousand years of cosmic conflict. Fitted empire building activities civilization

	For more see Chapter Three, Boyce's History Volume 1.		For more see Chapter Three, Boyce's History Volume 1.

			===== Influence =====

			* Zoroastrianism has had a major influence on the cosmology and theodicy of Jewish, Christina, and Islamic religions.<ref>Wach, Joachim. ''Sociology of Religion''. Routledge Library Editions, Volume 16. New York: Routledge, 2019. Also Boyce, Mary. ''A History of Zoroastrianism: Volume One The Early Period''. New York: E. J. Brill, 1996. Messadie, Gerald. ''A History of the Devil''. New York: Kodansha, 1996.</ref> See my paper "From Zoroaster to Star Wars, Jesus to Marx: The Art, Science, and Technology of Human Manipulation."<ref>Sosteric, Mike. “From Zoroaster to Star Wars, Jesus to Marx: The Art, Science, and Technology of Human Manipulation,” Unpublished. <nowiki>https://www.academia.edu/345046</nowiki></ref>
			* As Wach points out, "This influence can even be detected in modern philosophies of history—in Herder, Kant, Schelling, Baader, Hegel—and in various Russian Christian writers." <ref>Wach, Joachim. ''Sociology of Religion''. Routledge Library Editions, Volume 16. New York: Routledge, 2019.</ref>
			* Cribbed from Wikimedia: Major features of Zoroastrianism, such as messianism, judgment after death, heaven and hell, and free will may have influenced other religious and philosophical systems, including Second Temple Judaism, Gnosticism, Greek philosophy,<ref> "Greece iii. [http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/greece-iii Persian Influence on Greek Thought]". Encyclopaedia Iranica. Retrieved 2019-07-14.</ref> Christianity, Islam,<ref>Hinnel, J (1997), The Penguin Dictionary of Religion, Penguin Books UK; Boyce, Mary (2001), Zoroastrians: their religious beliefs and practices, Routledge and Kegan Paul Ltd</ref> the Bahá'í Faith, and Buddhism.<ref> Beckwith, Christopher I. (2015). Greek Buddha: Pyrrho's Encounter with Early Buddhism in Central Asia. Princeton University Press. pp. 132–133. ISBN 9781400866328.</ref>

	==Related Terms==		==Related Terms==

Michael: /* Notes */

2020-09-18T14:19:21Z

Notes

← Older revision		Revision as of 14:19, 18 September 2020
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	Same insertion judgment justification for punishment.Boyce notes the shift from previous beliefs when she says that Zoroaster takes an earlier less moralistic pagan belief in the transition between death and life makes it into a robust process of judgment based on ethical achievements (Boyce, 2001: 27)		Same insertion judgment justification for punishment.Boyce notes the shift from previous beliefs when she says that Zoroaster takes an earlier less moralistic pagan belief in the transition between death and life makes it into a robust process of judgment based on ethical achievements (Boyce, 2001: 27)

			Another insertion, competition instead of cooperation. Shift change whereas before Zoroaster, cosmic cooperation was seen as necessary to “Maintain the world according to asha”1 (Boyce, 2001: 26), after Zoroaster, “perfection” would be attained, but only by passing through several thousand years of cosmic conflict. Fitted empire building activities civilization

	For more see Chapter Three, Boyce's History Volume 1.		For more see Chapter Three, Boyce's History Volume 1.

Michael: /* Notes */

2020-09-18T14:18:20Z

Notes

← Older revision		Revision as of 14:18, 18 September 2020
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	Zoroaster invented cosmic evil. Prior to Zoroaster, evil more of a nuisance..."the pagan Iranians, like the Indians of old, felt their world to be inhabited by innumerable lesser spirits, some kindly but many malignant. Some of these evil powers sought to enter a man's body and harm him directly. Others lurked about his homestead and fields, ready to make him stumble and fall, or to harm his cattle or blight his crops; and beyond, the untamed forest and plain were full of menace. 1 Evil threatened everywhere, but could be warded off by proper precautions, such as banning formulas or propitiatory gifts; and some men were held to have acquired power over these dark forces, to compel them to serve their own ends" <ref>Boyce, Mary. A History of Zoroastrianism: Volume One The Early Period. New York: E. J. Brill, 1996.p.85. </ref> After Zoroaster, Angra Mainyu became representative of a cosmic evil in a struggle between good and evil.		Zoroaster invented cosmic evil. Prior to Zoroaster, evil more of a nuisance..."the pagan Iranians, like the Indians of old, felt their world to be inhabited by innumerable lesser spirits, some kindly but many malignant. Some of these evil powers sought to enter a man's body and harm him directly. Others lurked about his homestead and fields, ready to make him stumble and fall, or to harm his cattle or blight his crops; and beyond, the untamed forest and plain were full of menace. 1 Evil threatened everywhere, but could be warded off by proper precautions, such as banning formulas or propitiatory gifts; and some men were held to have acquired power over these dark forces, to compel them to serve their own ends" <ref>Boyce, Mary. A History of Zoroastrianism: Volume One The Early Period. New York: E. J. Brill, 1996.p.85. </ref> After Zoroaster, Angra Mainyu became representative of a cosmic evil in a struggle between good and evil.

			Same insertion judgment justification for punishment.Boyce notes the shift from previous beliefs when she says that Zoroaster takes an earlier less moralistic pagan belief in the transition between death and life makes it into a robust process of judgment based on ethical achievements (Boyce, 2001: 27)

	For more see Chapter Three, Boyce's History Volume 1.		For more see Chapter Three, Boyce's History Volume 1.

Michael: /* Notes */

2020-08-20T15:43:58Z

Notes

← Older revision		Revision as of 15:43, 20 August 2020
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	</blockquote>		</blockquote>

	Zoroaster's ~~[[Connection Poems]]~~ and ~~teachings~~ were ~~eventually co-opted~~ by		Zoroaster invented cosmic evil. Prior to Zoroaster, evil more of a nuisance..."the pagan Iranians, like the Indians of old, felt their world to be inhabited by innumerable lesser spirits, some kindly but many malignant. Some of these evil powers sought to enter a man's body and harm him directly. Others lurked about his homestead and fields, ready to make him stumble and fall, or to harm his cattle or blight his crops; and beyond, the untamed forest and plain were full of menace. 1 Evil threatened everywhere, but could be warded off by proper precautions, such as banning formulas or propitiatory gifts; and some men were held to have acquired power over these dark forces, to compel them to serve their own ends" <ref>Boyce, Mary. A History of Zoroastrianism: Volume One The Early Period. New York: E. J. Brill, 1996.p.85. </ref> After Zoroaster, Angra Mainyu became representative of a cosmic evil in a struggle between good and evil.

			For more see Chapter Three, Boyce's History Volume 1.

	==Related Terms==		==Related Terms==

Michael at 23:52, 23 July 2020

2020-07-23T23:52:58Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 23:52, 23 July 2020
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	Zoroastrianism exalts a benevolent deity of wisdom, Ahura Mazda (Wise Lord), as its supreme being.		Zoroastrianism exalts a benevolent deity of wisdom, Ahura Mazda (Wise Lord), as its supreme being.

			Zoroastrianism instantiated the [[Zoroastrian Binary]] between good and evil. Prior to this, the pagan spiritualities in the region did believe in "demons," but these were mischievous and entities set on causing harm, and not examples of existential/binary evil. <ref>Boyce, Mary. A History of Zoroastrianism: Volume One The Early Period. New York: E. J. Brill, 1996.</ref>

	<blockquote>		<blockquote>

Michael at 16:56, 21 July 2020

2020-07-21T16:56:25Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 16:56, 21 July 2020
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	==Notes==		==Notes==

			Zoroastrianism emerged out of the mystical experience and prophetic teachings of Zoroaster, who lived no later than about 1000 B.C. <ref>Boyce, Mary. A History of Zoroastrianism: Volume One The Early Period. New York: E. J. Brill, 1996. p.xii </ref>

			Zoroaster's original teachings are, technically, unknown and have to be reconstructed. As Boyce notes, "The Zoroastrian priests were long reluctant to use the alien art of writing to record their sacred texts, and no religious works exist whose written form can be attributed to earlier than the 3rd century A. C." <ref>Boyce, Mary. A History of Zoroastrianism: Volume One The Early Period. New York: E. J. Brill, 1996. p.xii </ref> In addition, there is "no continuity of scriptural exegesis." <ref>Boyce, Mary. A History of Zoroastrianism: Volume One The Early Period. New York: E. J. Brill, 1996. p.21 </ref>

	Zoroastrianism exalts a benevolent deity of wisdom, Ahura Mazda (Wise Lord), as its supreme being.		Zoroastrianism exalts a benevolent deity of wisdom, Ahura Mazda (Wise Lord), as its supreme being.
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	Zoroaster's [[Connection Poems]] and teachings were eventually co-opted by		Zoroaster's [[Connection Poems]] and teachings were eventually co-opted by

	Zoroaster's original teachings are, technically, unknown and have to be reconstructed. As Boyce notes, "The Zoroastrian priests were long reluctant to use the alien art of writing to record their sacred texts, and no religious works exist whose written form can be attributed to earlier than the 3rd century A. C." <ref>Boyce, Mary. A History of Zoroastrianism: Volume One The Early Period. New York: E. J. Brill, 1996. p.xii </ref>

	==Related Terms==		==Related Terms==