Sigmund Freud - Revision history

Michael at 20:57, 21 December 2022

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	[[category:terms]]		[[category:terms]]
	~~[[category:lightningpath]]~~
	[[Had a functional definition of::Religion\| ]]		[[Had a functional definition of::Religion\| ]]
	[[Had a substantive definition of::Religion\| ]]		[[Had a substantive definition of::Religion\| ]]
	[[Takes a::Reductionist approach\| ]]		[[Takes a::Reductionist approach\| ]]
	[[category:todo]]		[[category:todo]]

Michael at 20:55, 21 December 2022

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	<h1 class="customtitle">{{FULLPAGENAME}}</h1>		<h1 class="customtitle">{{FULLPAGENAME}}</h1>
	<blockquote class="definition">		<blockquote class="definition">
			Who was he? What did he write about.
			</blockquote>

			==List of Terms Coined or Defined by Sigmund Freud==

	~~Who was he? What did he write about.~~		{{#ask:[[Is a term::Sigmund Freud]]}}
	~~</blockquote>~~

	==Notes==		==Notes==

139.59.138.88: Text replacement - "]]" to " [["

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Text replacement - "]]" to " [["

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	'''Commentary:''' Freud shows himself generally pretty ignorant of human spirituality and the history of religion. He tap dances around class awareness but ends up white washing the whole affair. {{endstuff}}		'''Commentary:''' Freud shows himself generally pretty ignorant of human spirituality and the history of religion. He tap dances around class awareness but ends up white washing the whole affair. {{endstuff}}

	[[category:terms]][[category:lightningpath]][[Had a functional definition of::Religion\| ]][[Had a substantive definition of::Religion\| ]][[Takes a::Reductionist approach\| ]][[category:todo]]		[[category:terms]]
			[[category:lightningpath]]
			[[Had a functional definition of::Religion\| ]]
			[[Had a substantive definition of::Religion\| ]]
			[[Takes a::Reductionist approach\| ]]
			[[category:todo]]

Michael: /* Origin */

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Origin

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	==== Freud's View of Religion ====		==== Freud's View of Religion ====
	Did not like religion. blamed religion for the cognitive atrophy of humanity. hoped it would go away. People who believe in religions "infants". Infantalism. Wanted to introduce an "education to reality." <ref>Freud, Sigmund. ''The Future of an Illusion''. New York: Anchor Books, 1961. p. 49.</ref>		Did not like religion. blamed religion for the cognitive atrophy of humanity. hoped it would go away. People who believe in religions "infants". Infantalism. Wanted to introduce an "education to reality." <ref>Freud, Sigmund. ''The Future of an Illusion''. New York: Anchor Books, 1961. p. 49.</ref>

			“the universal obsessional neurosis of humanity…infantile wish fulfillment still available to the grown up, who retaining it can thereby remain a child forever” ''Totem and Taboo''

	==== Criticisms ====		==== Criticisms ====
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	* ethnocentric and elitist. Distinguishes between a small group of "educated people and brain workers" and "the great mass of the uneducated and oppressed..." <ref>Freud, Sigmund. ''The Future of an Illusion''. New York: Anchor Books, 1961. p.39</ref>		* ethnocentric and elitist. Distinguishes between a small group of "educated people and brain workers" and "the great mass of the uneducated and oppressed..." <ref>Freud, Sigmund. ''The Future of an Illusion''. New York: Anchor Books, 1961. p.39</ref>
	* based on ideological view of human nature created by elites themselves		* based on ideological view of human nature created by elites themselves


	==== Secularization ====		==== Secularization ====

Michael at 04:52, 27 January 2022

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	*Religion does four things for people		*Religion does four things for people
	** "The gods retain their threefold task: they must exorcize the terrors of nature, they must reconcile men to the cruelty of Fate, particularly as it is shown in death, and they must compensate them for the sufferings and privations which a civilized life in common has imposed on them." <ref>Freud, Sigmund. ''The Future of an Illusion''. New York: Anchor Books, 1961. p. 17.</ref>		** "The gods retain their threefold task: they must exorcize the terrors of nature, they must reconcile men to the cruelty of Fate, particularly as it is shown in death, and they must compensate them for the sufferings and privations which a civilized life in common has imposed on them." <ref>Freud, Sigmund. ''The Future of an Illusion''. New York: Anchor Books, 1961. p. 17.</ref>
	** Adds also the notion that more advanced religions assume some moral/ethical dimensions. "It now became the task of the gods to even out the defects and evils of civilization, to attend to the sufferings which men inflict on one another in their life together and to watch over the ~~fulfilment~~ of the precepts of civilization, which men obey so imperfectly. Those precepts themselves were credited with a divine origin ; they were elevated beyond human society and were extended to nature and the universe."<ref>Freud, Sigmund. ''The Future of an Illusion''. New York: Anchor Books, 1961. p. 17.</ref>		** Adds also the notion that more advanced religions assume some moral/ethical dimensions. "It now became the task of the gods to even out the defects and evils of civilization, to attend to the sufferings which men inflict on one another in their life together and to watch over the fulfillment of the precepts of civilization, which men obey so imperfectly. Those precepts themselves were credited with a divine origin ; they were elevated beyond human society and were extended to nature and the universe."<ref>Freud, Sigmund. ''The Future of an Illusion''. New York: Anchor Books, 1961. p. 17.</ref>
	**Advanced civilizations also develop notion of single "father" god, satiating need of the child for a father's love and protection."Now that God was a single person, man's relations to him could recover the intimacy and intensity of the child's relation to his father."<ref>Freud, Sigmund. ''The Future of an Illusion''. New York: Anchor Books, 1961. p. 19.</ref>		**Advanced civilizations also develop notion of single "father" god, satiating need of the child for a father's love and protection."Now that God was a single person, man's relations to him could recover the intimacy and intensity of the child's relation to his father."<ref>Freud, Sigmund. ''The Future of an Illusion''. New York: Anchor Books, 1961. p. 19.</ref>
	**Religion answers "big questions..." "Religious ideas are teachings and assertions about facts and conditions of external (or internal) reality which tell one something one has not discovered for oneself and which lay claim to one's belief. Since they give us information about what is most important and interesting to us in life, they are particularly highly prized."<ref>Freud, Sigmund. ''The Future of an Illusion''. New York: Anchor Books, 1961. p. 25.</ref>		**Religion answers "big questions..." "Religious ideas are teachings and assertions about facts and conditions of external (or internal) reality which tell one something one has not discovered for oneself and which lay claim to one's belief. Since they give us information about what is most important and interesting to us in life, they are particularly highly prized."<ref>Freud, Sigmund. ''The Future of an Illusion''. New York: Anchor Books, 1961. p. 25.</ref>
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	* ignores elite manipulation in ontogenesis of spiritual beliefs		* ignores elite manipulation in ontogenesis of spiritual beliefs
	* ignores empirical reality of religious experience		* ignores empirical reality of religious experience
	* ethnocentric and elitist		* ethnocentric and elitist. Distinguishes between a small group of "educated people and brain workers" and "the great mass of the uneducated and oppressed..." <ref>Freud, Sigmund. ''The Future of an Illusion''. New York: Anchor Books, 1961. p.39</ref>
	* based on ideological view of human nature created by elites themselves		* based on ideological view of human nature created by elites themselves

Michael at 04:33, 27 January 2022

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	**Provides social control function,submits instincts and wish fulfillment to higher social order. maintains social order.		**Provides social control function,submits instincts and wish fulfillment to higher social order. maintains social order.

	* Do this all the above through "humanization [and personification] of nature"<ref>"Impersonal forces and destinies cannot be approached ; they remain eternally remote . But if the elements have passions that rage as they do in our own souls, if death itself is not something spontaneous but the violent act of an evil Will, if everywhere in nature there are Beings around us of a kind that we know in our own society, then we can breathe freely, can feel at home in the uncanny and can deal by psychical means with our senseless anxiety. We are still defenceless, per haps, but we are no longer helplessly paralysed; we can at le ast react. Perhaps, indeed, we are not even defenceless. We can apply the same methods against these violent supermen outside that we employ in our own society; we can try to adjure them, to appease them, to bribe them, and, by so influencing them, we may rob them of a part of their power. A replacement like this of natural science by psychology not only provides im. mediate relief, but also points the way to a further mastering of the situation."		* Do this all the above through "humanization [and personification] of nature,"<ref>"Impersonal forces and destinies cannot be approached ; they remain eternally remote . But if the elements have passions that rage as they do in our own souls, if death itself is not something spontaneous but the violent act of an evil Will, if everywhere in nature there are Beings around us of a kind that we know in our own society, then we can breathe freely, can feel at home in the uncanny and can deal by psychical means with our senseless anxiety. We are still defenceless, per haps, but we are no longer helplessly paralysed; we can at le ast react. Perhaps, indeed, we are not even defenceless. We can apply the same methods against these violent supermen outside that we employ in our own society; we can try to adjure them, to appease them, to bribe them, and, by so influencing them, we may rob them of a part of their power. A replacement like this of natural science by psychology not only provides im. mediate relief, but also points the way to a further mastering of the situation."

	Freud, Sigmund. ''The Future of an Illusion''. New York: Anchor Books, 1961. p. 16</ref> ( '''need fulfillment and the establishment of a moral world-order'''		Freud, Sigmund. ''The Future of an Illusion''. New York: Anchor Books, 1961. p. 16</ref> '''need fulfillment,''' and the '''establishment of a moral world-order''' which helps repress instincts and attach humans to society by attributing moral codes and repressive measures to powerful spiritual beings.
	** "the terrifying impression of helplessness in childhood aroused the need for protection-for protection through love which was provided by the father; and the recognition that this helplessness lasts throughout life made it necessary to cling to the existence of a father, but this time a more powerful one."<ref>Freud, Sigmund. ''The Future of an Illusion''. New York: Anchor Books, 1961. p. 30</ref>		** "the terrifying impression of helplessness in childhood aroused the need for protection-for protection through love which was provided by the father; and the recognition that this helplessness lasts throughout life made it necessary to cling to the existence of a father, but this time a more powerful one."<ref>Freud, Sigmund. ''The Future of an Illusion''. New York: Anchor Books, 1961. p. 30</ref>

	*Religion does this via the presentation of dogma and belief. <blockquote>Everything that happens in this world is an expression of the intentions of an intelligence superior to us, which in the end, though its ways and byways are difficult to follow, orders everything for the b est-that is, to make it enjoyable for us. Over each one of us there watches a benevolen t Providence which is only seemingly stern and which will not suffer us to become a plaything of the over mighty and pi til ess forces of nature. Death itselfis not extinction, is not a return to inorganic lifelessness, but the beginning of a new kind of existence which lies on the path of development to something higher. And, looking in the other direction, this view announces that the same moral laws which our civiliza tions have set up govern the whole universe as well, except that they are maintained by a supreme court of justice with in comparably more power and consistency. In the end al good is rewarded and all evil punished, if not actually in this form of life then in the later existences that begin after death. In this way all the terrors, the sufferings and the hardships of life are destined to be obliterated. Life after death, which continues life on earth just as the invisible part of the spectrum joins on to the visible part, brings us al the perfection that we may perhaps have missed here. And the superior wisdom which directs this course of things, the infinite goodness that expresses itself in it, the justice that achieves its aim in it-these are the attributes of the divine beings who also created us and the world as a whole, or rather, of the one divine being into which, in our civilization, all the gods of antiquity have been condensed. <ref>Freud, Sigmund. ''The Future of an Illusion''. New York: Anchor Books, 1961. p. 19</ref></blockquote>		*Religion does this via the presentation of dogma and belief. <blockquote>Everything that happens in this world is an expression of the intentions of an intelligence superior to us, which in the end, though its ways and byways are difficult to follow, orders everything for the b est-that is, to make it enjoyable for us. Over each one of us there watches a benevolen t Providence which is only seemingly stern and which will not suffer us to become a plaything of the over mighty and pi til ess forces of nature. Death itselfis not extinction, is not a return to inorganic lifelessness, but the beginning of a new kind of existence which lies on the path of development to something higher. And, looking in the other direction, this view announces that the same moral laws which our civiliza tions have set up govern the whole universe as well, except that they are maintained by a supreme court of justice with in comparably more power and consistency. In the end al good is rewarded and all evil punished, if not actually in this form of life then in the later existences that begin after death. In this way all the terrors, the sufferings and the hardships of life are destined to be obliterated. Life after death, which continues life on earth just as the invisible part of the spectrum joins on to the visible part, brings us al the perfection that we may perhaps have missed here. And the superior wisdom which directs this course of things, the infinite goodness that expresses itself in it, the justice that achieves its aim in it-these are the attributes of the divine beings who also created us and the world as a whole, or rather, of the one divine being into which, in our civilization, all the gods of antiquity have been condensed. <ref>Freud, Sigmund. ''The Future of an Illusion''. New York: Anchor Books, 1961. p. 19</ref></blockquote>
	*		*
	*'''Wish fulfilments and illusions'''. "Neurotic relics" (p. 44). Religious ideas are not "precipitates of experience or end results of thinking : they are illusions, ~~fulfilments~~ of the oldest, strongest and most urgent wishes of mankind. The secret of their strength lies in the strength of those wishes. As we already know, the terrifying impression of helplessness in childhood aroused the need for protection-for protection through love which was provided by the father; and the recognition that this h elplessness lasts throughout life made it necessary to cling to the existence of a father, but this time a more powerful one." <ref>Freud, Sigmund. ''The Future of an Illusion''. New York: Anchor Books, 1961. p. 31.</ref>		*'''Wish fulfilments and illusions'''. "Neurotic relics" (p. 44). Religious ideas are not "precipitates of experience or end results of thinking : they are illusions, fulfillment of the oldest, strongest and most urgent wishes of mankind. The secret of their strength lies in the strength of those wishes. As we already know, the terrifying impression of helplessness in childhood aroused the need for protection-for protection through love which was provided by the father; and the recognition that this h elplessness lasts throughout life made it necessary to cling to the existence of a father, but this time a more powerful one." <ref>Freud, Sigmund. ''The Future of an Illusion''. New York: Anchor Books, 1961. p. 31.</ref>
	*Religious beliefs based on		*Religious beliefs based on
	**tradition (believed and handed down by our "prima ancestors" <ref>Freud, Sigmund. ''The Future of an Illusion''. New York: Anchor Books, 1961. p. 26.</ref>		**tradition (believed and handed down by our "prima ancestors" <ref>Freud, Sigmund. ''The Future of an Illusion''. New York: Anchor Books, 1961. p. 26.</ref>

Michael at 04:27, 27 January 2022

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	**they must compensate them for the sufferings and privations which a civilized life in common has imposed on them."<ref>Freud, Sigmund. ''The Future of an Illusion''. New York: Anchor Books, 1961. p. 18</ref>		**they must compensate them for the sufferings and privations which a civilized life in common has imposed on them."<ref>Freud, Sigmund. ''The Future of an Illusion''. New York: Anchor Books, 1961. p. 18</ref>
	**Provides satisfaction of humanity's "curiosity." <ref>Freud, Sigmund. ''The Future of an Illusion''. New York: Anchor Books, 1961. p. 16</ref>, specifically it provides positive answers to existential questions,like what happens after death, why is the world the way it is, why does evil exist, and so on, that make humanity feel better.		**Provides satisfaction of humanity's "curiosity." <ref>Freud, Sigmund. ''The Future of an Illusion''. New York: Anchor Books, 1961. p. 16</ref>, specifically it provides positive answers to existential questions,like what happens after death, why is the world the way it is, why does evil exist, and so on, that make humanity feel better.
			**Provides social control function,submits instincts and wish fulfillment to higher social order. maintains social order.

	* Do this through '''need fulfillment and the establishment of a moral world-order'''		* Do this all the above through "humanization [and personification] of nature"<ref>"Impersonal forces and destinies cannot be approached ; they remain eternally remote . But if the elements have passions that rage as they do in our own souls, if death itself is not something spontaneous but the violent act of an evil Will, if everywhere in nature there are Beings around us of a kind that we know in our own society, then we can breathe freely, can feel at home in the uncanny and can deal by psychical means with our senseless anxiety. We are still defenceless, per haps, but we are no longer helplessly paralysed; we can at le ast react. Perhaps, indeed, we are not even defenceless. We can apply the same methods against these violent supermen outside that we employ in our own society; we can try to adjure them, to appease them, to bribe them, and, by so influencing them, we may rob them of a part of their power. A replacement like this of natural science by psychology not only provides im. mediate relief, but also points the way to a further mastering of the situation."

			Freud, Sigmund. ''The Future of an Illusion''. New York: Anchor Books, 1961. p. 16</ref> ( '''need fulfillment and the establishment of a moral world-order'''
	** "the terrifying impression of helplessness in childhood aroused the need for protection-for protection through love which was provided by the father; and the recognition that this helplessness lasts throughout life made it necessary to cling to the existence of a father, but this time a more powerful one."<ref>Freud, Sigmund. ''The Future of an Illusion''. New York: Anchor Books, 1961. p. 30</ref>		** "the terrifying impression of helplessness in childhood aroused the need for protection-for protection through love which was provided by the father; and the recognition that this helplessness lasts throughout life made it necessary to cling to the existence of a father, but this time a more powerful one."<ref>Freud, Sigmund. ''The Future of an Illusion''. New York: Anchor Books, 1961. p. 30</ref>

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	==== Origin ====		==== Origin ====
	According to Freud, Religion, which functions to help humanity deal with its helplessness against nature, originates in the child's helpless relationship with its "omnipotent" and all powerful parents. "It has an infantile prototype, of which it is in fact only the continuation. For once before one has found oneself in a similar state of helplessness: as a small child, in relation to one's parents. "<ref>Freud, Sigmund. ''The Future of an Illusion''. New York: Anchor Books, 1961. p. 18</ref>		According to Freud, Religion, which functions to help humanity deal with its helplessness against nature, originates in the child's helpless relationship with its "omnipotent" and all powerful parents. "It has an infantile prototype, of which it is in fact only the continuation. For once before one has found oneself in a similar state of helplessness: as a small child, in relation to one's parents. "<ref>Freud, Sigmund. ''The Future of an Illusion''. New York: Anchor Books, 1961. p. 18</ref>

			==== Freud's View of Religion ====
			Did not like religion. blamed religion for the cognitive atrophy of humanity. hoped it would go away. People who believe in religions "infants". Infantalism. Wanted to introduce an "education to reality." <ref>Freud, Sigmund. ''The Future of an Illusion''. New York: Anchor Books, 1961. p. 49.</ref>

	==== Criticisms ====		==== Criticisms ====

	* ignores elite manipulation		* ignores elite manipulation in ontogenesis of spiritual beliefs
	* ignores empirical reality of religious experience		* ignores empirical reality of religious experience
	* ethnocentric and elitist		* ethnocentric and elitist

Michael at 17:11, 26 January 2022

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	*#Freud believed we were all driven by a violent and oversexualized Id and he believed that this ID had to be controlled, for the benefit of civilization and the greater good. As he says, civilization has to be defended against the individual, and its regulations, institutions and commands are directed to that task. They aim not only at effecting a certain distribution of wealth but at maintaining that distribution; indeed, they have to protect every thing that contributes to the conquest of nature and the production of wealth against men's hostile impulses."<ref>Freud, Sigmund. ''The Future of an Illusion''. New York: Anchor Books, 1961. p. 6. <nowiki>https://amzn.to/2EZqqgZ</nowiki>. </ref>		*#Freud believed we were all driven by a violent and oversexualized Id and he believed that this ID had to be controlled, for the benefit of civilization and the greater good. As he says, civilization has to be defended against the individual, and its regulations, institutions and commands are directed to that task. They aim not only at effecting a certain distribution of wealth but at maintaining that distribution; indeed, they have to protect every thing that contributes to the conquest of nature and the production of wealth against men's hostile impulses."<ref>Freud, Sigmund. ''The Future of an Illusion''. New York: Anchor Books, 1961. p. 6. <nowiki>https://amzn.to/2EZqqgZ</nowiki>. </ref>
	*#It wasn't just instincts that threatened civilization. Anger and hostility are also a factor. People get angry at civilization for two		*#It wasn't just instincts that threatened civilization. Anger and hostility are also a factor. People get angry at civilization for two
	*##Because civilization requires them to suppress to renounce their instincts. Civilization '''prohibits''' certain instinctual expressions (killing, incest, cannabilism which causes '''frustration''' of instinctual satiIt is sfaction and a resulting condition of '''privation'''. <ref>Freud, Sigmund. ''The Future of an Illusion''. New York: Anchor Books, 1961. p. 6. <nowiki>https://amzn.to/2EZqqgZ</nowiki>. p. 10</ref> According to Freud, "privations are still operative and still form the kernel of hostility to civilization."<ref>Freud, Sigmund. ''The Future of an Illusion''. New York: Anchor Books, 1961. p. 6. <nowiki>https://amzn.to/2EZqqgZ</nowiki>. p. 10</ref>		*##Because civilization requires them to suppress to renounce their instincts. Civilization '''prohibits''' certain instinctual expressions (killing, incest, cannabilism which causes '''frustration''' of instinctual satiIt is sfaction and a resulting condition of '''privation'''.<ref>Freud, Sigmund. ''The Future of an Illusion''. New York: Anchor Books, 1961. p. 6. <nowiki>https://amzn.to/2EZqqgZ</nowiki>. p. 10</ref> According to Freud, "privations are still operative and still form the kernel of hostility to civilization."<ref>Freud, Sigmund. ''The Future of an Illusion''. New York: Anchor Books, 1961. p. 6. <nowiki>https://amzn.to/2EZqqgZ</nowiki>. p. 10</ref>
	*##Because men and women are not equal. Some are extremely privileged and others "underprivileged." It is to be expected that these underprivileged classes will envy the favoured ones their privileges and will do all they can to free themselves from their own surplus of privation. Where this is not possible, a permanent measure of discontent will persist within the culture concerned and this can lead to dangerous revolts. If, however, a culture has not got beyond a point at which the satisfaction of one portion of its participants depends upon the suppression of another, and perhaps larger, portion-and this is the case in all present day cultures-it is understandable that the suppressed people should develop an intense hostility towards a culture whose existence they make possible by their work, but in whose wealth they have too small a share."<ref>Freud, Sigmund. ''The Future of an Illusion''. New York: Anchor Books, 1961. p. 6. <nowiki>https://amzn.to/2EZqqgZ</nowiki>. p. 12</ref>		*##Because men and women are not equal. Some are extremely privileged and others "underprivileged." It is to be expected that these underprivileged classes will envy the favoured ones their privileges and will do all they can to free themselves from their own surplus of privation. Where this is not possible, a permanent measure of discontent will persist within the culture concerned and this can lead to dangerous revolts. If, however, a culture has not got beyond a point at which the satisfaction of one portion of its participants depends upon the suppression of another, and perhaps larger, portion-and this is the case in all present day cultures-it is understandable that the suppressed people should develop an intense hostility towards a culture whose existence they make possible by their work, but in whose wealth they have too small a share."<ref>Freud, Sigmund. ''The Future of an Illusion''. New York: Anchor Books, 1961. p. 6. <nowiki>https://amzn.to/2EZqqgZ</nowiki>. p. 12</ref>
	*Freud's view is '''extremely elitist'''.		*Freud's view is '''extremely elitist'''.

Michael at 17:09, 26 January 2022

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	*# '''rules and''' r'''egulations''' "necessary in order to adjust the relations of men to one another ''and especially the distribution of the available wealt''h. <ref>Freud, Sigmund. ''The Future of an Illusion''. New York: Anchor Books, 1961. p. 6. <nowiki>https://amzn.to/2EZqqgZ</nowiki>. p. 6.</ref>		*# '''rules and''' r'''egulations''' "necessary in order to adjust the relations of men to one another ''and especially the distribution of the available wealt''h. <ref>Freud, Sigmund. ''The Future of an Illusion''. New York: Anchor Books, 1961. p. 6. <nowiki>https://amzn.to/2EZqqgZ</nowiki>. p. 6.</ref>
	* Rules and regulations existed primarily, according to Freud, to defend civilization against the individual. Why? For the answer to that we look to Freud's view of human nature.		* Rules and regulations existed primarily, according to Freud, to defend civilization against the individual. Why? For the answer to that we look to Freud's view of human nature.
	*#Freud believed we were all driven by a violent and oversexualized Id and he believed that this ID had to be controlled, for the benefit of civilization and the greater good. As he says, civilization has to be defended against the individual, and its regulations, institutions and commands are directed to that task. They aim not only at effecting a certain distribution of wealth but at maintaining that distribution; indeed, they have to protect every thing that contributes to the conquest of nature and the production of wealth against men's hostile impulses."<ref>Freud, Sigmund. ''The Future of an Illusion''. New York: Anchor Books, 1961. p. 6. <nowiki>https://amzn.to/2EZqqgZ</nowiki>. </ref>		*#Freud believed we were all driven by a violent and oversexualized Id and he believed that this ID had to be controlled, for the benefit of civilization and the greater good. As he says, civilization has to be defended against the individual, and its regulations, institutions and commands are directed to that task. They aim not only at effecting a certain distribution of wealth but at maintaining that distribution; indeed, they have to protect every thing that contributes to the conquest of nature and the production of wealth against men's hostile impulses."<ref>Freud, Sigmund. ''The Future of an Illusion''. New York: Anchor Books, 1961. p. 6. <nowiki>https://amzn.to/2EZqqgZ</nowiki>. </ref>
	*#It wasn't just instincts that threatened civilization. Anger and hostility are also a factor. People get angry at civilization for two		*#It wasn't just instincts that threatened civilization. Anger and hostility are also a factor. People get angry at civilization for two
	*##Because civilization requires them to suppress to renounce their instincts. Civilization '''prohibits''' certain instinctual expressions (killing, incest, cannabilism which causes '''frustration''' of instinctual satiIt is sfaction and a resulting condition of '''privation'''. <ref>Freud, Sigmund. ''The Future of an Illusion''. New York: Anchor Books, 1961. p. 6. <nowiki>https://amzn.to/2EZqqgZ</nowiki>. p. 10</ref> According to Freud, "privations are still operative and still form the kernel of hostility to civilization."<ref>Freud, Sigmund. ''The Future of an Illusion''. New York: Anchor Books, 1961. p. 6. <nowiki>https://amzn.to/2EZqqgZ</nowiki>. p. 10</ref>		*##Because civilization requires them to suppress to renounce their instincts. Civilization '''prohibits''' certain instinctual expressions (killing, incest, cannabilism which causes '''frustration''' of instinctual satiIt is sfaction and a resulting condition of '''privation'''. <ref>Freud, Sigmund. ''The Future of an Illusion''. New York: Anchor Books, 1961. p. 6. <nowiki>https://amzn.to/2EZqqgZ</nowiki>. p. 10</ref> According to Freud, "privations are still operative and still form the kernel of hostility to civilization."<ref>Freud, Sigmund. ''The Future of an Illusion''. New York: Anchor Books, 1961. p. 6. <nowiki>https://amzn.to/2EZqqgZ</nowiki>. p. 10</ref>
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	* Note that Freud conflates "civilization" with European capitalism.<ref>Freud, Sigmund. ''The Future of an Illusion''. New York: Anchor Books, 1961. p. 7</ref>		* Note that Freud conflates "civilization" with European capitalism.<ref>Freud, Sigmund. ''The Future of an Illusion''. New York: Anchor Books, 1961. p. 7</ref>
	* Freud recognizes that Capitalism is based on "coercion and renunciation" <ref>Freud, Sigmund. ''The Future of an Illusion''. New York: Anchor Books, 1961. p. 7. <nowiki>https://amzn.to/2EZqqgZ</nowiki>.		* Freud recognizes that Capitalism is based on "coercion and renunciation" <ref>Freud, Sigmund. ''The Future of an Illusion''. New York: Anchor Books, 1961. p. 7. <nowiki>https://amzn.to/2EZqqgZ</nowiki>.
	</ref> and suggest the possibility of a "golden age" where coercion and renunciation would not be required, but suggests it is impossible and blames "the victim" (the masses) for having instincts too powerful to control. As he says, "One has, I think, to reckon with the fact that there are present in all men destructive, and therefore anti-social and anti cultural, trends and that in a great number of people these are strong enough to determine their behaviour in human society."<ref>Freud, Sigmund. ''The Future of an Illusion''. New York: Anchor Books, 1961. p. 7. <nowiki>https://amzn.to/2EZqqgZ</nowiki>.</ref>		</ref> and suggest the possibility of a "golden age" where coercion and renunciation would not be required, but suggests it is impossible and blames "the victim" (the masses) for having instincts too powerful to control. As he says, "One has, I think, to reckon with the fact that there are present in all men destructive, and therefore anti-social and anti cultural, trends and that in a great number of people these are strong enough to determine their behaviour in human society."<ref>Freud, Sigmund. ''The Future of an Illusion''. New York: Anchor Books, 1961. p. 7. <nowiki>https://amzn.to/2EZqqgZ</nowiki>.</ref>

	=== Religion (pp. 15-) ===		=== Religion (pp. 15-) ===
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	==== Functions ====		==== Functions ====
	*		*
	*It is in the above context that we must understand Freud's view of religion. For Freud, religion is a way to cope with the anxieties, uncertainties, and vagaries of human existence. "It can clearly be seen that the possession of these ideas protects him in two directions-against the dangers of nature and Fate, and against the injuries that threaten him from human society itself."<ref>Freud, Sigmund. ''The Future of an Illusion''. New York: Anchor Books, 1961. p. 18</ref>		*It is in the above context that we must understand Freud's view of religion. For Freud, religion is a way to cope with the anxieties, uncertainties, and vagaries of human existence. "It can clearly be seen that the possession of these ideas protects him in two directions-against the dangers of nature and Fate, and against the injuries that threaten him from human society itself."<ref>Freud, Sigmund. ''The Future of an Illusion''. New York: Anchor Books, 1961. p. 18</ref> "...religious ideas have arisen from the same need as have all the other achievements of civilization: from the necessity of defending oneself against the crushingly superior force of nature. To this a second motive was added-the urge to rectify the shortcomings of civilization which made themselves painfully felt. "<ref>Freud, Sigmund. ''The Future of an Illusion''. New York: Anchor Books, 1961. p. 21</ref>
	*Religion, whose substantive content is the belief in a supernatural God or gods, thus has four functions		*Religion, whose substantive content is the belief in a supernatural God or gods, thus has four functions
	**"The gods retain their threefold task: they must ~~exorcize~~ the terrors of nature,		**"The gods retain their threefold task: they must exorcise the terrors of nature,
	**they must reconcile men to the cruelty of Fate, particularly as it is shown in death, and		**they must reconcile men to the cruelty of Fate, particularly as it is shown in death, and
	**they must compensate them for the sufferings and privations which a civilized life in common has imposed on them."<ref>Freud, Sigmund. ''The Future of an Illusion''. New York: Anchor Books, 1961. p. 18</ref>		**they must compensate them for the sufferings and privations which a civilized life in common has imposed on them."<ref>Freud, Sigmund. ''The Future of an Illusion''. New York: Anchor Books, 1961. p. 18</ref>
	**Provides satisfaction of humanity's "curiosity." <ref>Freud, Sigmund. ''The Future of an Illusion''. New York: Anchor Books, 1961. p. 16</ref>, specifically it provides positive answers to existential questions,like what happens after death, why is the world the way it is, why does evil exist, and so on, that make humanity feel better.		**Provides satisfaction of humanity's "curiosity." <ref>Freud, Sigmund. ''The Future of an Illusion''. New York: Anchor Books, 1961. p. 16</ref>, specifically it provides positive answers to existential questions,like what happens after death, why is the world the way it is, why does evil exist, and so on, that make humanity feel better.

			* Do this through '''need fulfillment and the establishment of a moral world-order'''
			** "the terrifying impression of helplessness in childhood aroused the need for protection-for protection through love which was provided by the father; and the recognition that this helplessness lasts throughout life made it necessary to cling to the existence of a father, but this time a more powerful one."<ref>Freud, Sigmund. ''The Future of an Illusion''. New York: Anchor Books, 1961. p. 30</ref>

	*Religion does this via the presentation of dogma and belief. <blockquote>Everything that happens in this world is an expression of the intentions of an intelligence superior to us, which in the end, though its ways and byways are difficult to follow, orders everything for the b est-that is, to make it enjoyable for us. Over each one of us there watches a benevolen t Providence which is only seemingly stern and which will not suffer us to become a plaything of the over mighty and pi til ess forces of nature. Death itselfis not extinction, is not a return to inorganic lifelessness, but the beginning of a new kind of existence which lies on the path of development to something higher. And, looking in the other direction, this view announces that the same moral laws which our civiliza tions have set up govern the whole universe as well, except that they are maintained by a supreme court of justice with in comparably more power and consistency. In the end al good is rewarded and all evil punished, if not actually in this form of life then in the later existences that begin after death. In this way all the terrors, the sufferings and the hardships of life are destined to be obliterated. Life after death, which continues life on earth just as the invisible part of the spectrum joins on to the visible part, brings us al the perfection that we may perhaps have missed here. And the superior wisdom which directs this course of things, the infinite goodness that expresses itself in it, the justice that achieves its aim in it-these are the attributes of the divine beings who also created us and the world as a whole, or rather, of the one divine being into which, in our civilization, all the gods of antiquity have been condensed. <ref>Freud, Sigmund. ''The Future of an Illusion''. New York: Anchor Books, 1961. p. 19</ref></blockquote>		*Religion does this via the presentation of dogma and belief. <blockquote>Everything that happens in this world is an expression of the intentions of an intelligence superior to us, which in the end, though its ways and byways are difficult to follow, orders everything for the b est-that is, to make it enjoyable for us. Over each one of us there watches a benevolen t Providence which is only seemingly stern and which will not suffer us to become a plaything of the over mighty and pi til ess forces of nature. Death itselfis not extinction, is not a return to inorganic lifelessness, but the beginning of a new kind of existence which lies on the path of development to something higher. And, looking in the other direction, this view announces that the same moral laws which our civiliza tions have set up govern the whole universe as well, except that they are maintained by a supreme court of justice with in comparably more power and consistency. In the end al good is rewarded and all evil punished, if not actually in this form of life then in the later existences that begin after death. In this way all the terrors, the sufferings and the hardships of life are destined to be obliterated. Life after death, which continues life on earth just as the invisible part of the spectrum joins on to the visible part, brings us al the perfection that we may perhaps have missed here. And the superior wisdom which directs this course of things, the infinite goodness that expresses itself in it, the justice that achieves its aim in it-these are the attributes of the divine beings who also created us and the world as a whole, or rather, of the one divine being into which, in our civilization, all the gods of antiquity have been condensed. <ref>Freud, Sigmund. ''The Future of an Illusion''. New York: Anchor Books, 1961. p. 19</ref></blockquote>
	*		*
	*'''Wish fulfilments and illusions'''. "Neurotic relics" (p. 44). Religious ideas are not "precipitates of experience or end results of thinking : they are illusions, fulfilments of the oldest, strongest and most urgent wishes of mankind. The secret of their strength lies in the strength of those wishes. As we already know, the terrifying impression of helplessness in childhood aroused the need for protection-for protection through love which was provided by the father; and the recognition that this h elplessness lasts throughout life made it necessary to cling to the existence of a father, but this time a more powerful one." <ref>Freud, Sigmund. ''The Future of an Illusion''. New York: Anchor Books, 1961. p. 31.</ref>		*'''Wish fulfilments and illusions'''. "Neurotic relics" (p. 44). Religious ideas are not "precipitates of experience or end results of thinking : they are illusions, fulfilments of the oldest, strongest and most urgent wishes of mankind. The secret of their strength lies in the strength of those wishes. As we already know, the terrifying impression of helplessness in childhood aroused the need for protection-for protection through love which was provided by the father; and the recognition that this h elplessness lasts throughout life made it necessary to cling to the existence of a father, but this time a more powerful one." <ref>Freud, Sigmund. ''The Future of an Illusion''. New York: Anchor Books, 1961. p. 31.</ref>
	*Religious beliefs based on		*Religious beliefs based on
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	==== Origin ====		==== Origin ====
	According to Freud, Religion, which functions to help humanity deal with its helplessness against nature, originates in the child's helpless relationship with its "omnipotent" and all powerful parents. "It has an infantile prototype, of which it is in fact only the continuation. For once before one has found oneself in a similar state of helplessness: as a small child, in relation to one's parents. "<ref>Freud, Sigmund. ''The Future of an Illusion''. New York: Anchor Books, 1961. p. 18</ref>		According to Freud, Religion, which functions to help humanity deal with its helplessness against nature, originates in the child's helpless relationship with its "omnipotent" and all powerful parents. "It has an infantile prototype, of which it is in fact only the continuation. For once before one has found oneself in a similar state of helplessness: as a small child, in relation to one's parents. "<ref>Freud, Sigmund. ''The Future of an Illusion''. New York: Anchor Books, 1961. p. 18</ref>

			==== Criticisms ====

			* ignores elite manipulation
			* ignores empirical reality of religious experience
			* ethnocentric and elitist
			* based on ideological view of human nature created by elites themselves


	==== Secularization ====		==== Secularization ====

Michael at 16:45, 26 January 2022

2022-01-26T16:45:18Z

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