Shaman - Revision history

Michael at 15:21, 7 August 2023

2023-08-07T15:21:52Z

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	Laughlin and Rock note that scholars have had some difficulty coming up with a definition of Shaman that includes relevant contours, but note that in general a shaman is someone who occupies a positive social role (healer, priest, spiritual guide, oneirocritic, visionary) and uses altered states to do their work.<ref>Laughlin, Charles D., and Adam J. Rock. “What Can We Learn from Shamans’ Dreaming? A Cross-Cultural Exploration.” Dreaming 24, no. 4 (December 2014): 233–52. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0038437.</ref>		Laughlin and Rock note that scholars have had some difficulty coming up with a definition of Shaman that includes relevant contours, but note that in general a shaman is someone who occupies a positive social role (healer, priest, spiritual guide, oneirocritic, visionary) and uses altered states to do their work.<ref>Laughlin, Charles D., and Adam J. Rock. “What Can We Learn from Shamans’ Dreaming? A Cross-Cultural Exploration.” Dreaming 24, no. 4 (December 2014): 233–52. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0038437.</ref>

			'''According to Winkelman, a shaman is "someone who enters ecstasy to interact with the spirit world on behalf of the community.'''"<ref>Winkelman, Michael. “The Shamanic Paradigm: Evidence from Ethnology, Neuropsychology and Ethology.” ''Time and Mind'' 3, no. 2 (January 1, 2010): 159–81. <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.2752/175169610X12632240392758</nowiki>. p. 165.</ref> SWinkelman describes this as the "characteristic core"

			Also accordion to Winkelman, Shamanism is a cross-cultural phenomenon with the following shared characteristics.

			* a dominant social role as the preeminent charismatic leader

			* a night-time community ritual
			* use of chanting, singing, drumming, and dancing
			* an initiatory crisis involving a death and rebirth experience
			* an ASC experience characterized as a soul journey (but not possession)
			* ASC involving visionary experiences
			* abilities of divination, diagnosis, and prophecy
			* illness caused by spirits, sorcerers, and the intrusion of objects or entities
			* healing processes focused on soul loss and recovery
			* animal relations as a source of power, including control of animal spirits
			* the ability of the shaman to transform into animals
			* malevolent acts, or sorcery, including the ability to kill others, and
			* hunting magic, assistance in acquiring animals for food

	"medicine men" is a misnomer. In many cultures, women are shamans."Among the Ashanti and many other African peoples, female doctors are frequent, as they are with the peoples of Borneo, Australia, and Siberia. Among North American Indians, the Creeks and Dakotas have about as many women as men shamans.<ref>Rogers, Spencer L. The Shaman: His Symbols and His Healing Power. Illinois: Charles Thomas Publishers, 1982. p. 26.</ref> Amongst the Shasta of California, one becomes a shaman after having shamanic dreams. Both men and women may have such dreams and when they do, they become "doctors."<ref>Dixon, Roland B. “Some Shamans of Northern California.” The Journal of American Folklore 17, no. 64 (1904): 23. https://doi.org/10.2307/533984.</ref>		"medicine men" is a misnomer. In many cultures, women are shamans."Among the Ashanti and many other African peoples, female doctors are frequent, as they are with the peoples of Borneo, Australia, and Siberia. Among North American Indians, the Creeks and Dakotas have about as many women as men shamans.<ref>Rogers, Spencer L. The Shaman: His Symbols and His Healing Power. Illinois: Charles Thomas Publishers, 1982. p. 26.</ref> Amongst the Shasta of California, one becomes a shaman after having shamanic dreams. Both men and women may have such dreams and when they do, they become "doctors."<ref>Dixon, Roland B. “Some Shamans of Northern California.” The Journal of American Folklore 17, no. 64 (1904): 23. https://doi.org/10.2307/533984.</ref>

Michael at 16:57, 29 December 2022

2022-12-29T16:57:12Z

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			[[Connection Therapist]] > {{#ask:[[Is a syncretic term::Connection Therapist]]}}

	==Related Terms==		==Related Terms==

Michael at 16:56, 29 December 2022

2022-12-29T16:56:15Z

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Michael at 21:06, 21 December 2022

2022-12-21T21:06:24Z

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2022-12-19T10:03:42Z

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Michael: /* Notes */

2020-04-11T23:24:10Z

Notes

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	Don Antonio, an Otomi shaman, suggests shamans must have high ethical standards. Their foremost responsibility is to heal and end suffering. <ref>Dow, James. The Shaman’s Touch. Salt Lake City, Utah: University of Utah Press, 1986.</ref>		Don Antonio, an Otomi shaman, suggests shamans must have high ethical standards. Their foremost responsibility is to heal and end suffering. <ref>Dow, James. The Shaman’s Touch. Salt Lake City, Utah: University of Utah Press, 1986.</ref>

	Dow suggests shamans use 1) biomedical treatments (~~dugs~~, ~~hermbs~~), 2) psychological support (~~comfirting~~, reassuring) and 3) transformative psychotherapy. Shamans use insight, helped via connection to "~~super human~~ helpers," to heal. Shamans do personal counselling, family counselling, and work with the self-esteem and will of the patient (see for example [Zaki]]) to heal. <ref>Dow, James. The Shaman’s Touch. Salt Lake City, Utah: University of Utah Press, 1986.</ref>		Dow suggests shamans use 1) biomedical treatments (drugs, herbs), 2) psychological support (comforting, reassuring) and 3) transformative psychotherapy. Shamans use insight, helped via connection to "superhuman helpers," to heal. Shamans do personal counselling, family counselling, and work with the self-esteem and will of the patient (see for example [Zaki]]) to heal. <ref>Dow, James. The Shaman’s Touch. Salt Lake City, Utah: University of Utah Press, 1986.</ref>

			Definition: A shaman is a person who, "in a state of dissociated trance" is "capable of communicating directly with spiritual beings." <ref>Blacker, Carmen. The Catalpa Bow: A Study of Shamanistic Practices in Japan. Taylor & Francis, 1999. p. 3-4.</ref>

			Blacker divides Japanese shamans into two types, a medium and an ascetic. A ''medium'' (or miko) enters trance and channels a spirit, or is possessed by a spirit, who takes over, uses the voice and body. An ascetic is primarily a healer who gains their powers from a regime of ascetic practice. <ref>Blacker, Carmen. The Catalpa Bow: A Study of Shamanistic Practices in Japan. Taylor & Francis, 1999. p. 4.</ref>

	Furst notes that shamanic practices the world over share certain commonalities. "Like the ecstatic trance, divine election, animal transformation, bird-like flight of the soul, knowledge of the worlds of the spirits and of the dead, mastery of fire, rebirth from the bones, the magic arts of curing, and the guardianship of the traditions and the psychic and physical		Furst notes that shamanic practices the world over share certain commonalities. "Like the ecstatic trance, divine election, animal transformation, bird-like flight of the soul, knowledge of the worlds of the spirits and of the dead, mastery of fire, rebirth from the bones, the magic arts of curing, and the guardianship of the traditions and the psychic and physical
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	There are certain common elements of the shaman's experience including the sensation of a soul as separate from the body, feelings/visions of flight, metamorphosis into an animal, bird, fish, or spirit possession, reptiles, snakes (anaconda), and large felines, especially Jaguars. <ref>Harner, Michael J. “Hallucinogens and Shamanism: The Question of a Trans-Cultural Experience.” In Hallucinogens and Shamanism, edited by Michael J Harner, 155–75. New York: Oxford University Press, 1973.</ref>		There are certain common elements of the shaman's experience including the sensation of a soul as separate from the body, feelings/visions of flight, metamorphosis into an animal, bird, fish, or spirit possession, reptiles, snakes (anaconda), and large felines, especially Jaguars. <ref>Harner, Michael J. “Hallucinogens and Shamanism: The Question of a Trans-Cultural Experience.” In Hallucinogens and Shamanism, edited by Michael J Harner, 155–75. New York: Oxford University Press, 1973.</ref>

			===The World Tree===

			"The shaman’s work also requires a cosmos of a specific shape. For most Siberian peoples, the cosmos appears in three
			superimposed layers or tiers. In the middle lies the human world. Above it lie seven layers of heavens, a number to which a
			Babylonian origin is usually assigned. Below it lies a dark underworld, sometimes also disposed in seven levels, in the
			nethermost of which stands the palace of Erlik Khan, the Lord of the Underworld, and where sometimes nine underground rivers
			have their mouths. Joining these various cosmic levels at the very centre of the universe is a marvellous giant Tree. With its roots in the lowest underworld and its crown of branches in the highest heaven, this Tree in all its splendour is at once the axis of the cosmos and the source of ever-renewing life. Thus the shaman, as he travels either upwards to heaven or downwards to the underworld, to planes sealed off from ordinary ungifted persons, follows the ‘hole’ made through the universe by this Tree. His journey is therefore made at the very centre and core of the cosmos." <ref>Blacker, Carmen. The Catalpa Bow: A Study of Shamanistic Practices in Japan. Taylor & Francis, 1999. p. 7.</ref>



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Michael: /* Related Terms */

2020-03-14T22:28:38Z

Related Terms

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	==Related Terms==		==Related Terms==

	{{#ask:[[Is a related term::Shaman]]}}		[[Shaman]] > {{#ask:[[Is a related term::Shaman]]}}

	==Notes==		==Notes==

Michael: /* Notes */

2020-03-14T22:28:01Z

Notes

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	==Notes==		==Notes==

			Laughlin and Rock note that scholars have had some difficulty coming up with a definition of Shaman that includes relevant contours, but note that in general a shaman is someone who occupies a positive social role (healer, priest, spiritual guide, oneirocritic, visionary) and uses altered states to do their work.<ref>Laughlin, Charles D., and Adam J. Rock. “What Can We Learn from Shamans’ Dreaming? A Cross-Cultural Exploration.” Dreaming 24, no. 4 (December 2014): 233–52. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0038437.</ref>

	"medicine men" is a misnomer. In many cultures, women are shamans."Among the Ashanti and many other African peoples, female doctors are frequent, as they are with the peoples of Borneo, Australia, and Siberia. Among North American Indians, the Creeks and Dakotas have about as many women as men shamans.<ref>Rogers, Spencer L. The Shaman: His Symbols and His Healing Power. Illinois: Charles Thomas Publishers, 1982. p. 26.</ref> Amongst the Shasta of California, one becomes a shaman after having shamanic dreams. Both men and women may have such dreams and when they do, they become "doctors."<ref>Dixon, Roland B. “Some Shamans of Northern California.” The Journal of American Folklore 17, no. 64 (1904): 23. https://doi.org/10.2307/533984.</ref>		"medicine men" is a misnomer. In many cultures, women are shamans."Among the Ashanti and many other African peoples, female doctors are frequent, as they are with the peoples of Borneo, Australia, and Siberia. Among North American Indians, the Creeks and Dakotas have about as many women as men shamans.<ref>Rogers, Spencer L. The Shaman: His Symbols and His Healing Power. Illinois: Charles Thomas Publishers, 1982. p. 26.</ref> Amongst the Shasta of California, one becomes a shaman after having shamanic dreams. Both men and women may have such dreams and when they do, they become "doctors."<ref>Dixon, Roland B. “Some Shamans of Northern California.” The Journal of American Folklore 17, no. 64 (1904): 23. https://doi.org/10.2307/533984.</ref>

Michael: /* Notes */

2020-03-13T22:44:01Z

Notes

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	Otomi Shaman Don Antonio suggests there are shamans and sorcerers. Shamans heal while sorcerers harm. Also, Otomi shamans believe that all people have a relationship with the spirits, but that shamans are simply more knowledgeable than the average person.<ref>Dow, James. The Shaman’s Touch. Salt Lake City, Utah: University of Utah Press, 1986.</ref>		Otomi Shaman Don Antonio suggests there are shamans and sorcerers. Shamans heal while sorcerers harm. Also, Otomi shamans believe that all people have a relationship with the spirits, but that shamans are simply more knowledgeable than the average person.<ref>Dow, James. The Shaman’s Touch. Salt Lake City, Utah: University of Utah Press, 1986.</ref>

			It is believed by some that shaman's have the ability to harm and even kill using energetic/psychic darts which are shot at specific targets. For example, amongst the Shasta of California, a "pain" or a "small needle-like object" can be thrown at an individual to cause sickness. <ref>Dixon, Roland B. “Some Shamans of Northern California.” The Journal of American Folklore 17, no. 64 (1904): 23. https://doi.org/10.2307/533984. p. 24.</ref>

	===Healing===		===Healing===

Michael: /* Notes */

2020-03-13T22:38:44Z

Notes

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	==Notes==		==Notes==

	"medicine men" is a misnomer. In many cultures, women are shamans."Among the Ashanti and many other African peoples, female doctors are frequent, as they are with the peoples of Borneo, Australia, and Siberia. Among North American Indians, the Creeks and Dakotas have about as many women as men shamans.<ref>Rogers, Spencer L. The Shaman: His Symbols and His Healing Power. Illinois: Charles Thomas Publishers, 1982. p. 26.</ref>		"medicine men" is a misnomer. In many cultures, women are shamans."Among the Ashanti and many other African peoples, female doctors are frequent, as they are with the peoples of Borneo, Australia, and Siberia. Among North American Indians, the Creeks and Dakotas have about as many women as men shamans.<ref>Rogers, Spencer L. The Shaman: His Symbols and His Healing Power. Illinois: Charles Thomas Publishers, 1982. p. 26.</ref> Amongst the Shasta of California, one becomes a shaman after having shamanic dreams. Both men and women may have such dreams and when they do, they become "doctors."<ref>Dixon, Roland B. “Some Shamans of Northern California.” The Journal of American Folklore 17, no. 64 (1904): 23. https://doi.org/10.2307/533984.</ref>


	The term is used by the Tungusian tribes, and was first recorded by "Russian (chiefly Cossack) explorers and conquers of eastern Siberia in the second half of the seventeenth century." <ref>Laufer, Berthold. “Origin of the Word Shaman.” American Anthropologist 19, no. 3 (1917): 361-371. p. 361.</ref> Laufer argues it is a term native to the North Asian tribes, and not linked to Sanskrit based traditions.		The term is used by the Tungusian tribes, and was first recorded by "Russian (chiefly Cossack) explorers and conquers of eastern Siberia in the second half of the seventeenth century." <ref>Laufer, Berthold. “Origin of the Word Shaman.” American Anthropologist 19, no. 3 (1917): 361-371. p. 361.</ref> Laufer argues it is a term native to the North Asian tribes, and not linked to Sanskrit based traditions.

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	[[Is a related term::Shamanic Practice\| ]]		[[Is a related term::Shamanic Practice\| ]]
			[[Is a syncretic term::Connection Therapist\| ]]