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Jack Park

Michael — Mon, 11 May 2026 14:58:20 GMT

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	<blockquote class="definition">'''Jack Park'''		<blockquote class="definition">'''Jack Park''' is a computer scientist, knowledge architect, and pioneer in subject-centric knowledge representation. He is best known as a founding member of the XTM (Topic Maps in XML) authoring group and as co-editor and co-author of ''XML Topic Maps: Creating and Using Topic Maps for the Web'' (Addison-Wesley, 2003). Park's work spans artificial intelligence, collective intelligence, and structured discourse systems, with a particular focus on the practical implementation of dynamic, collaborative [[Knowledge Ecosystem]]s. He developed '''Nexist''', an open-source knowledge management platform, and has advanced research into Issue-Based Information Systems (IBIS) and [[Knowledge Gardening]] as a model of human-centered [[Knowledge Steward]]ship.
	is a computer scientist, knowledge architect, and pioneer in subject-centric knowledge representation. He is best known as a founding member of the XTM (Topic Maps in XML) authoring group and as co-editor and co-author of ''XML Topic Maps: Creating and Using Topic Maps for the Web'' (Addison-Wesley, 2003). Park's work spans artificial intelligence, collective intelligence, and structured discourse systems, with a particular focus on the practical implementation of dynamic, collaborative [[Knowledge Ecosystem]]s. He developed '''Nexist''', an open-source knowledge management platform, and has advanced research into Issue-Based Information Systems (IBIS) and ~~"knowledge gardening"~~ as a model of human-centered [[Knowledge Steward]]ship.
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	Park's contributions are foundational to the practical realization of the [[Knowledge Ecosystem]] concept. His development of '''Nexist''' provided an early, web-based implementation of a dynamic, evolvable knowledge system designed for collective authorship and semantic navigation. His work on '''Topic Maps''' established technical protocols for [[Semantic Integration]]—enabling the subject-centric merging of information across disparate sources and thereby directly countering [[Nomenclature Confusion]].		Park's contributions are foundational to the practical realization of the [[Knowledge Ecosystem]] concept. His development of '''Nexist''' provided an early, web-based implementation of a dynamic, evolvable knowledge system designed for collective authorship and semantic navigation. His work on '''Topic Maps''' established technical protocols for [[Semantic Integration]]—enabling the subject-centric merging of information across disparate sources and thereby directly countering [[Nomenclature Confusion]].

	Park's advocacy for "~~Lnowledge~~ Gardening" positions the human agent as an active cultivator of semantic networks, aligning closely with the LP concept of the [[Knowledge Steward]]—one who maintains [[Ecosystem Integrity]] through ongoing curation, validation, and integration. His research into structured discourse and IBIS (Issue-Based Information Systems) further treats [[Knowledge Dialogue]] and scientific argumentation as formal components of [[Knowledge Production]], rather than as peripheral commentary.		Park's advocacy for "Knowledge Gardening" positions the human agent as an active cultivator of semantic networks, aligning closely with the LP concept of the [[Knowledge Steward]]—one who maintains [[Ecosystem Integrity]] through ongoing curation, validation, and integration. His research into structured discourse and IBIS (Issue-Based Information Systems) further treats [[Knowledge Dialogue]] and scientific argumentation as formal components of [[Knowledge Production]], rather than as peripheral commentary.

	In the Lightning Path framework, Park's work represents a parallel and complementary tradition to the RDF/OWL lineage of the Semantic Web. Where the latter emphasizes formal ontology and machine inference, Park's Topic Maps tradition emphasizes discourse, narrative, and human-navigable semantic networks—making it particularly relevant to the LP's commitment to multilayered, pedagogically accessible [[Epistemic Infrastructure]].		In the Lightning Path framework, Park's work represents a parallel and complementary tradition to the RDF/OWL lineage of the Semantic Web. Where the latter emphasizes formal ontology and machine inference, Park's Topic Maps tradition emphasizes discourse, narrative, and human-navigable semantic networks—making it particularly relevant to the LP's commitment to multilayered, pedagogically accessible [[Epistemic Infrastructure]].

Knowledge Gardening

Michael — Mon, 11 May 2026 14:56:40 GMT

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	==Concept Map==		==Concept Map==

	===Jack Park Terms===		===[[Jack Park]] Terms===

	{{#ask:[[Is a term::Jack Park]]\|format=ul}}		{{#ask:[[Is a term::Jack Park]]\|format=ul}}
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	==Notes==		==Notes==

	The term, ~~coined~~ by Jack Park, descends directly from Douglas Engelbart's concept of the Dynamic Knowledge Repository (DKR): the combination of humans, software tools, and improvement processes operating as a unified epistemic community.<ref>Park, Jack. “Knowledge Gardening as Knowledge Federation.” ''Proceedings of the 2008 ACM Conference on Hypertext and Hypermedia'' (HT ’08) (Pittsburch, PA), 2008.</ref> Where traditional knowledge management systems often filter or exclude information at the point of aggregation (a process Park analogizes to "weeding"), knowledge gardening practices federation—the inclusive merging of all addressable resources about a given subject through topic-map-based identification and merging processes.		The term, used by Jack Park in 2008 to describe "whole life learning and discovery" within "networked improvement communities,"<ref>2026 Matrix Conversation in Epistemic Infrastructure

			https://app.element.io/#/room/#epistemic-infrastructure:matrix.org</ref> descends directly from Douglas Engelbart's concept of the Dynamic Knowledge Repository (DKR): the combination of humans, software tools, and improvement processes operating as a unified epistemic community.<ref>Park, Jack. “Knowledge Gardening as Knowledge Federation.” ''Proceedings of the 2008 ACM Conference on Hypertext and Hypermedia'' (HT ’08) (Pittsburch, PA), 2008.</ref>

			Where traditional knowledge management systems often filter or exclude information at the point of aggregation (a process Park analogizes to "weeding"), knowledge gardening practices federation—the inclusive merging of all addressable resources about a given subject through topic-map-based identification and merging processes.

	===Core Components===		===Core Components===

Undifferentiated Consciousness

Michael — Mon, 11 May 2026 13:51:13 GMT

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	==~~States of Consciousness~~==		==Concept Map==

	~~[[State of Consciousness]] > {{#ask:[[Is a::State of Consciousness]]}}~~		===Key Terms===

	==Syncretic Terms==		[[Consciousness]] > {{#ask:[[Is a key term::Consciousness]]\|format=ul}}

			===States of Consciousness===

			[[State of Consciousness]] > {{#ask:[[Is a::State of Consciousness]]\|format=ul}}

			===Syncretic Terms===

	[[Undifferentiated Consciousness]] > {{#ask:[[Is a syncretic term::Undifferentiated Consciousness]]}}		[[Undifferentiated Consciousness]] > {{#ask:[[Is a syncretic term::Undifferentiated Consciousness]]}}

	==Related LP Terms==		===Related LP Terms===

	~~[[Undifferentiated Consciousness]]> {{#ask:[[Is a related LP term::Undifferentiated Consciousness]]}}~~

	=~~=Non-Related Terms==~~		[[Undifferentiated Consciousness]]> {{#ask:[[Is a related LP term::Undifferentiated Consciousness]]\|format=ul}}

	~~[[Undifferentiated Consciousness]]> {{#ask:[[Is a related term::Undifferentiated Consciousness]]}}~~		===Non-Related Terms===

			[[Undifferentiated Consciousness]]> {{#ask:[[Is a related term::Undifferentiated Consciousness]]\|format=ul}}

	==Notes==		==Notes==
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	[[category:lightningpath]]		[[category:lightningpath]]
	[[Is a::State of Consciousness\| ]]		[[Is a::State of Consciousness\| ]]
			[[Is a key term::Consciousness\| ]]
	[[Is a related LP term::Para Brahman\| ]]		[[Is a related LP term::Para Brahman\| ]]
	[[Is a related LP term::Fabric of Consciousness\| ]]		[[Is a related LP term::Fabric of Consciousness\| ]]

Evolutionary Stages

Michael — Mon, 11 May 2026 13:09:36 GMT

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	==List of Evolutionary Stages==		==List of Evolutionary Stages==

	[[Evolutionary Stages]] > {{#ask:[[Is an::Evolutionary Stage]]}format=ul\|sort=Has sort order}}		[[Evolutionary Stages]] > {{#ask:[[Is an::Evolutionary Stage]]\|format=ul\|sort=Has sort order}}

	==Related LP Terms==		==Related LP Terms==

Stages of Human Development

Michael — Sun, 10 May 2026 14:46:07 GMT

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	===Key Terms===		===Key Terms===

	[[~~Human Development~~]] > {{#ask:[[Is a ~~subcategory of~~::~~Human Development~~]]\|format=ul~~\|sort=Has sort order~~}}		[[Lightning Path]] > {{#ask:[[Is a key term::Lightning Path]]\|format=ul}}

	===Related LP Terms===		===Related LP Terms===
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	[[category:terms]]		[[category:terms]]
	[[category:lightningpath]]		[[category:lightningpath]]
	[[Is a ~~subcategory of~~::~~Human Development~~\| ]]		[[Is a key term::Lightning Path\| ]]
	~~[[Has sort order::90\| ]]~~

	[[Is a related LP term::Toxic Socialization\| ]]		[[Is a related LP term::Toxic Socialization\| ]]
	[[Is a related LP term::Healthy Socialization\| ]]		[[Is a related LP term::Healthy Socialization\| ]]
	[[Is a related LP term::Human Development\| ]]		[[Is a related LP term::Human Development\| ]]

Two-Eyed Seeing

Michael — Thu, 07 May 2026 15:51:56 GMT

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	Two-Eyed Seeing is a guiding principle for co-learning and knowledge integration brought forward by Mi'kmaw Elder Albert Marshall in 2004. It refers to learning to see from one eye with the strengths of Indigenous knowledges and ways of knowing, and from the other eye with the strengths of Western/mainstream knowledges and ways of knowing, and to using both these eyes together, for the benefit of all. The principle holds Indigenous and mainstream sciences as distinct, whole knowledge systems—side by side, not blended into undifferentiated synthesis—to be woven back and forth between as contextual circumstances demand.		'''Two-Eyed Seeing''' is a guiding principle for co-learning and knowledge integration brought forward by Mi'kmaw Elder Albert Marshall in 2004. It refers to learning to see from one eye with the strengths of Indigenous knowledges and ways of knowing, and from the other eye with the strengths of Western/mainstream knowledges and ways of knowing, and to using both these eyes together, for the benefit of all. The principle holds Indigenous and mainstream sciences as distinct, whole knowledge systems—side by side, not blended into undifferentiated synthesis—to be woven back and forth between as contextual circumstances demand.<ref>Bartlett, Cheryl, Murdena Marshall, and Albert Marshall. “Two-Eyed Seeing and Other Lessons Learned within a Co-Learning Journey of Bringing Together Indigenous and Mainstream Knowledges and Ways of Knowing.” ''Journal of Environmental Studies and Sciences'' 2, no. 4 (2012): 331–40. EJ987715, pp. 331–40. ERIC. <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1007/s13412-012-0086-8</nowiki>.</ref>
	<ref>Bartlett, Cheryl, Murdena Marshall, and Albert Marshall. “Two-Eyed Seeing and Other Lessons Learned within a Co-Learning Journey of Bringing Together Indigenous and Mainstream Knowledges and Ways of Knowing.” ''Journal of Environmental Studies and Sciences'' 2, no. 4 (2012): 331–40. EJ987715, pp. 331–40. ERIC. <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1007/s13412-012-0086-8</nowiki>.</ref>
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Two-Eyed Seeing

Michael — Thu, 07 May 2026 15:51:03 GMT

Created page with "{{navmenu}} <h1 class="customtitle">{{FULLPAGENAME}}</h1> <blockquote class="definition"> **Two-Eyed Seeing** is a guiding principle for co-learning and knowledge integration brought forward by Mi'kmaw Elder Albert Marshall in 2004. It refers to learning to see from one eye with the strengths of Indigenous knowledges and ways of knowing, and from the other eye with the strengths of Western/mainstream knowledges and ways of knowing, and to using both these eyes together,..."

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<h1 class="customtitle">{{FULLPAGENAME}}</h1>
<blockquote class="definition">
**Two-Eyed Seeing** is a guiding principle for co-learning and knowledge integration brought forward by Mi'kmaw Elder Albert Marshall in 2004. It refers to learning to see from one eye with the strengths of Indigenous knowledges and ways of knowing, and from the other eye with the strengths of Western/mainstream knowledges and ways of knowing, and to using both these eyes together, for the benefit of all. The principle holds Indigenous and mainstream sciences as distinct, whole knowledge systems—side by side, not blended into undifferentiated synthesis—to be woven back and forth between as contextual circumstances demand.
<ref>Bartlett, Cheryl, Murdena Marshall, and Albert Marshall. “Two-Eyed Seeing and Other Lessons Learned within a Co-Learning Journey of Bringing Together Indigenous and Mainstream Knowledges and Ways of Knowing.” ''Journal of Environmental Studies and Sciences'' 2, no. 4 (2012): 331–40. EJ987715, pp. 331–40. ERIC. <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1007/s13412-012-0086-8</nowiki>.</ref>
</blockquote>

==Concept Map==

===Key Terms===

[[Epistemic Infrastructure]] > {{#ask:[[Is a key term::Epistemic Infrastructure]]|format=ul}}

[[Epistemic Practices]] > {{#ask:[[Is a key term::Epistemic Practices]]|format=ul}}

[[Two-Eyed Seeing]] > {{#ask:[[Is a key term::Two-Eyed Seeing]]|format=ul}}

=== Syncretic Terms ===

[[Two-Eyed Seeing]] > {{#ask:[[Is a syncretic term::Two-Eyed Seeing]]}}

===Related LP Terms===
[[Two-Eyed Seeing]] > {{#ask:[[Is a related LP term::Two-Eyed Seeing]]}}

===Non-LP Related Terms===
[[Two-Eyed Seeing]] > {{#ask:[[Is a related term::Two-Eyed Seeing]]}}

==Notes==

'''Origin:''' Coined by Mi'kmaw Elder Albert Marshall (Eskasoni First Nation) over 25 years ago, it is a guiding principle for living and research.

'''Core Philosophy''': It is not about blending, but about utilizing the best of both worlds—Indigenous (holistic, relationship-based) and Western (analytical, data-driven)—to gain a more comprehensive understanding.

'''Purpose:''' It aims to prevent the clashing of knowledge systems, encourage sustainability, and foster respectful, equitable collaboration, particularly in health, education, and environmental sectors.

'''Application:''' Used to address complex issues like climate change (e.g., combining environmental science with traditional stewardship) or in healthcare for culturally safe care.

===Significance in Modern Context===

Two-Eyed Seeing has been adopted widely, including in environmental studies and as a model for ethical AI development. It prioritizes recognizing that no single perspective is superior and that weaving them can lead to more effective, sustainable solutions.

Jeffery et. all provide some guidance on implementation.<ref>Jeffery, Tristan, Donna L. M. Kurtz, and Charlotte Ann Jones. “Two-Eyed Seeing: Current Approaches, and Discussion of Medical Applications.” ''BCMJ'', May 2026. https://bcmj.org/articles/two-eyed-seeing-current-approaches-and-discussion-medical-applications.</ref>

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Knowledge Gardening

Michael — Thu, 07 May 2026 14:43:47 GMT

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-<blockquote class="definition">A '''Knowledge Gardening''' is
+<blockquote class="definition">'''Knowledge Gardening''' (also referred to as Dynamic Knowledge Gardening, or DKG) is a subject-centric, federative approach to collective sensemaking in which epistemic communities aggregate, link, and cultivate heterogeneous information resources without editorial weeding, allowing social processes—reputation, trust, and dialogue—to determine the value and relevance of contributions over time.<ref>Park, Jack. “Knowledge Gardening as Knowledge.” ''Knowledge Media Institute - The Open University,'' n.d. https://www.academia.edu/77715688/</ref>
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 ==Notes==
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